Expert Answer. Discoverer: Marinsky, Jacob A. and Coryell, Charles D. and Glendenin, Lawerence. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Thechemical symbolfor Iron isFe. Show transcribed image text Expert Answer 100% (5 ratings) Top Expert 500+ questions answered dH MgO = Mg ( sublimation ) + IE ( Mg to Mg+1 ) + IE ( Mg View the full answer Transcribed image text: In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atomslikelihood of gaining an electron. Notice the negative sign for the electron affinity which shows that energy is released. Thechemical symbolfor Silver isAg. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water, evolving hydrogen gas. A fluorine atom has an electronic structure of 1s22s22px22py22pz1. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all isotopes of uranium are unstable, with half-lives varying between 159,200 years and 4.5 billion years. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices. It has 17 protons in the nucleus. Californiumis a chemical element withatomic number98which means there are 98 protons and 98 electrons in the atomic structure. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. { Atomic_and_Ionic_Radius : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Atomic_Radii : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Dipole_Moments : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Electronegativity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Electron_Affinity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Formal_Charges : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Intermolecular_Forces : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Ionization_Energy : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Lewis_Structures : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Magnetic_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Molecular_Polarity : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Polarizability : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, { All_About_Water : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Material_Properties : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", Solutions_and_Mixtures : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", States_of_Matter : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "electron affinity", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "author@Harjeet Bassi", "author@Nilpa Shah", "author@Shelley Chu", "author@Jim Clark" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FPhysical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)%2FPhysical_Properties_of_Matter%2FAtomic_and_Molecular_Properties%2FElectron_Affinity, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Group 1 Electron Affinities, Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): Group 17 Electron Affinities, Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): Fluorine vs. Chlorine. Actiniumis a chemical element withatomic number89which means there are 89 protons and 89 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Cobalt isCo. Cobalt is found in the Earths crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The electron affinity of sulphur is -200" kJ/mole" . It is a lanthanide, a rare earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby in Sweden. Often in their reactions these elements form their negative ions. The amount of screening is the same in both. Thechemical symbolfor Technetium isTc. Thechemical symbolfor Holmium isHo. I think it should be like- second electron gain enthalpy of oxygen should be greater than the sulfur but electron affinity Stack Exchange Network Thechemical symbolfor Iridium isIr. It therefore feels a net attraction from the nucleus of 7+ (9 protons less the 2 screening electrons). Thuliumis a chemical element withatomic number69which means there are 69 protons and 69 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Hydrogen isH. With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Astatineis a chemical element withatomic number85which means there are 85 protons and 85 electrons in the atomic structure. Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. In the books (e.g. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion (i.e., second electron affinity) which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process and hence, second electron affinities are positive. Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Promethium is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms. Quadruply BN-Fused Dibenzo-azaacene with High Electron Affinity and High Electron Mobility. Thechemical symbolfor Neon isNe. Moreover, for a binary oxide at its equilibrium geometry, this true second-electron affinity is about 40% greater than 8 eV. Mercury is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. For example, a fluorine atom has an electronic structure of 1s22s22px22py22pz1. It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earths crust. The positive sign shows that you have to put in energy to perform this change. Moreover, nonmetals have more positive affinity than metals. Radonis a chemical element withatomic number86which means there are 86 protons and 86 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Curium isCm. Although neodymium is classed as a rare earth, it is a fairly common element. Why second electron affinity is endothermic? Tungstenis a chemical element withatomic number74which means there are 74 protons and 74 electrons in the atomic structure. Thechemical symbolfor Copper isCu. It's not going to go in willingly! Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. this accounts for the endothermic nature of s. Thechemical symbolfor Chromium isCr. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium. Thechemical symbolfor Palladium isPd. Its properties are thus intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, including rapid oxidation in air. Caesiumis a chemical element withatomic number55which means there are 55 protons and 55 electrons in the atomic structure. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. Energy from an exothermic reaction is negative, thus energy is given a negative sign; whereas, energy from an endothermic reaction is positive and energy is given a positive sign. Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Iodine is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. It is the fourth most common element in the Earths crust. Thechemical symbolfor Californium isCf. Thechemical symbolfor Mendelevium isMd. The electron gain enthalpy of an element is defined as the energy liberated when an electron is added to its neutral gaseous atom. The positive sign shows that you have to put in energy to perform this change. Thechemical symbolfor Iodine isI. Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. Helium is a chemical element with atomic number 2 which means there are 2 protons and 2 electrons in the atomic structure. In nuclear industry, especially artificial xenon 135 has a tremendous impact on the operation of a nuclear reactor. Thechemical symbolfor Polonium isPo. The amount of screening is the same in both. Quantum-mechanical calculations show that the true second-electron affinity of an in-crystal O 2 - ion depends on both the chemical composition and the nuclear geometry. Thechemical symbolfor Yttrium isY. Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a rare-earth element. You are forcing an electron into an already negative ion. Thechemical symbolfor Radium isRa. 18898 views Thechemical symbolfor Vanadium isV. Vanadium is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, and malleable transition metal. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, europium usually assumes the oxidation state +3. Well, if you look at the definition, electron affinity is just the propensity to accept electrons. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earths outer and inner core. Berkeliumis a chemical element withatomic number 97which means there are 97 protons and 97 electrons in the atomic structure. Halogens have the highest electron affinities among all elements. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, lawrencium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. The chemical properties of this silvery gray, crystalline transition metal are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Thechemical symbolfor Carbon isC. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentmaking four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. The greater the negative value, the more stable the anion is. The factors which affect this attraction are exactly the same as those relating to ionization energies - nuclear charge, distance and screening. Energy is released when a electron is added to a nonmetal. 2019 periodic-table.org / see alsowww.nuclear-power.net. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars. Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal4 which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. General Chemistry Principles & Modern Applications. When an electron is added to a neutral atom (i.e., first electron affinity) energy is released; thus, the first electron affinities are negative. inorganic-chemistry atoms electron-affinity. al. Thechemical symbolfor Tin isSn. Niobium is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, often found in the minerals pyrochlore (the main commercial source for niobium) and columbite. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Thechemical symbolfor Selenium isSe. Thechemical symbolfor Beryllium isBe. But since the inter-electronic repulsion in sulfur is lesser, shouldn't it be willing to take up another electron more easily than an oxygen ion with a -1 charge? You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards. Thechemical symbolfor Tellurium isTe. Poloniumis a chemical element withatomic number84which means there are 84 protons and 84 electrons in the atomic structure. Technetiumis a chemical element withatomic number43which means there are 43 protons and 43 electrons in the atomic structure. T e X + e X T e X 2 . Significant concentrations of boron occur on the Earth in compounds known as the borate minerals. Thechemical symbolfor Nobelium isNo. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Elements Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. Xenonis a chemical element withatomic number54which means there are 54 protons and 54 electrons in the atomic structure. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. Tellurium is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Electron affinities are the negative ion equivalent, and their use is almost always confined to elements in groups 6 and 7 of the Periodic Table. I need the value of the second electron affinity of Te, i.e. As you might have noticed, the first electron affinity of oxygen (\(-142\; kJ\; mol^{-1}\)) is less than that of fluorine (\(-328\; kJ\; mol^{-1}\)). The electron affinities will become less negative as you go from the top to the bottom of the periodic table. Thechemical symbolfor Indium isIn. Although affinity varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. Berkelium is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. This repulsion lessens the attraction the incoming electron feels and so lessens the electron affinity. Thechemical symbolfor Berkelium isBk. Ceriumis a chemical element withatomic number58which means there are 58 protons and 58 electrons in the atomic structure. Hydrogenis a chemical element withatomic number1which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure. In other words, the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron. Thechemical symbolfor Aluminum isAl. This is more easily seen in symbol terms.
