and drifted SE, W, and NW. References. The presence of the largest diameter craters (>5 m) at distances of 0.5 and 1.5 km suggests that either the explosion was not a single event or that over the area of damage, distance was not the only factor controlling the distribution of crater sizes. During March-May 2003 there was an increase in the number of small explosions. during 14-19 February. In general, these lower-temperature fumaroles also had lower mass flows than nearby higher-temperature fumaroles. and drifted NE and ESE. Total seismic activity and the number of Merapi-type avalanches decreased significantly in September, but rose in October, with seismicity returning to near August levels. No increase in seismicity was observed on a permanent seismograph 30 km S of the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions at Mexico's Volcn de Colima (also known as Volcn Fuego) date back to the 16th century and include vulcanian and phreatic explosions, lava flows and large debris avalanches. After that, the frequency of explosions became stable, with 3-5 daily explosions (figures 69 and 70). Due to the threat of lahars forming on the volcano's flanks, Universidad de Colima advised avoiding the ravines of La Lumbre, San Antonio, Monte Grande (in Colima state), and La Arena (in Jalisco state). Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.3-6.3 km and drifted NE, NW, W, and SW. Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that during 18-20 and 22-23 November ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.9-7 km and drifted NW, W, and SW. Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that ash plumes rose to altitudes of 5.2-6.6 km and drifted multiple directions. One and a half years of calm at Colima volcano ended after explosive events starting on 6 January 2013. Table 19. In comparison to the 22 February 2001 observations performed from the same distance, no substantial changes in the size of the dome were apparent from El Volcancito (figure 59). Plumes occasionally drifted SE and N. On 11 December, a gray plume rose to an altitude of 5.8 km (19,000 ft) a.s.l. Pyroclastic flow deposits of the 1991 eruption of Volcan de Colima, Mexico. Three relatively large explosions occurred in March (on the 10th, the 13th, and the 26th). Extrusion of a lava flow on the S flank had decreased. During June at Colima, incandescence was visible during some evenings. A "puff" recorded on one traverse had a value of 458 t/d; this was not used as part of the average calculations. Weak fumarolic emissions and sulfur encrustations were seen in the widest (1-2 m), deepest (1 m), and most active fractures. On 15 and 16 August, small explosions at Colima produced low-level ash plumes. Reference. Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that during 20-22 and 25 April ash plumes from Colima rose to altitudes of 4.9-6.7 km (16,000-24,000 ft) a.s.l. Still, it was possible to collect samples of the lava flow. An observer located near the volcano will report any new activity directly to him. In a 24-hour period around 17 May, there were about 20 explosive or degassing events, with ash falling on the edifice and incandescence coming from the summit dome. Max VEI: 1, 1957 May 14 - 1960 Jul 2 182 days Blocks of lava began to travel down the volcano's N and WNW flanks around 1 October, reaching lengths of ~300 m on the N flanks and ~100 m on the WNW. Based on information from Colima Tower, the Washington VAAC reported that on 14 January an emission drifted E. The next day satellite images showed a diffuse ash plume drifting NNE. On 4 February at 1721 a landslide occurred off of the dome, sending material to less than 600 m from the volcano's summit to the S towards Cordobn ravine. Despite the declining SO2 flux and the lack of an obvious body of cooling lava at the summit, the possibility of additional sudden explosions with ballistic showers cannot be ruled out. Based on webcam and satellite images, the Mexico City MWO, and pilot observations, the Washington VAAC reported that during 18-24 January ash plumes from Colima rose to altitudes of 4.1-6.7 km (15,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. An additional 70 people had evacuated, and the national airport, El Aeropuerto Nacional de Colima, suspended operations due to ashfall. in western Mexico is well known for its frequent activity. Post caldera andesites from Volcan Colima (and unpub list : History of eruptions of Volcan Colima). The average SO2 flux was 214 91 t/d. Univ Nac Auton Mexico, Inst Geol Bol, 107: 1-101. and drifted SW and NW. The plumes reached heights over 7 km many times, and often reach distances of 150 or more kilometers away from the volcano. Ash emissions were recorded by the webcam on 11 May. On 14 April the Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia - Universidad de Colima reported that during the previous week seismic data revealed 48 high-frequency events, 30 long-period events, 3.3 hours of tremor, 10 landslides, and two explosions. Based on satellite images, Mexico City MWO, webcam images, and METAR notices, the Washington VAAC reported that daily ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4.9-8.2 km and drifted 40-150 km NNE, NE, ENE, E and SE. and drifted over 30 km SW. Based on satellite images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 30 October an ash plume from Colima rose to an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l. Frequent strong explosive activity continued during January 2017. Dome growth continues in 2010-2011; eroding, ~55-m-long lobe. RESCO is a project partially supported by the Gobierno del Estado de Colima, DGICSA-SESIC-SEP, and CONACYT-MEXICO.". Fifteen MODVOLC thermal alerts were issued. Then again in 1975 a much larger lava flow occurred to the north and southeast. The Washington VAAC regularly reported plumes between 5.5 and 7.6 km in altitude during February through April. The latter one is extinct. . On 28 September, intensive fumarolic activity began in the crater, forming a 500-m-high column of white gas. Explosions had excavated parts of the crater, exposing the inner wall stratigraphy in the W and N parts of the crater. Sources: Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia - Universidad de Colima; Reuters. on 4 December. ; T. Casadevall, USGS; W. Zoller, Univ. The spine grew in the N vent, while the W vent featured small explosions throwing ashes and scoria. On 27 December at 1715 the Mexico City MWO issued a SIGMET for volcanic ash at Colima 4.3-5.2 km a.s.l. | September Rockfall avalanches, persisting for much of the past year, were last seen 14-15 April on the W flank (observed 20 km from the volcano). during 20-23 and25 December. Multiple daily ash emissions appeared in both the webcam and satellite imagery. Geotherm. | February Pulses of higher lava emission occurred during the eruption of flows 4 and 5 (19 July and 10 November 2002, respectively). The wind directions were more variable than earlier in the year, but the plumes drifted generally to the N and W. There were 15 MODVOLC thermal anomaly pixels in August, but only five more for the rest of the year. The February-March lava dome growth was accompanied by an increase in the frequency and energy of the small explosions. A few minor explosions were also detected seismically. On 16 September at 1045 an explosion sent an ash plume to ~ 9.8 km altitude. This report primarily covers an explosion that occurred on 22 February 2001. Univ of Guadalajara geologists climbed the volcano later in November and noted new fumarolic activity that had not been evident in April. Observatorio Vulcanologico de la Universidad de Colima, Observatorio Vulcanologico de la Universidad de Colima (Colima Volcanological Observatory), Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) MODVOLC Thermal Alerts System. | February As of 24 May inflation was recorded at the volcano, but by 27 May no significant deformation was detected. These facts suggest that extrusion of this new structure began in early October and continued with a high growth rate, reaching a maximum on 14 October. Ash plumes were identified in satellite images at least 370 and 650 km NE of Colima on 25 and 27 January, respectively. Samples of high-temperature fumarolic gases were taken during this ascent. Rodrguez-Elizarrars, S., Siebe, C., Komorowski, J-C., Espndola, J.M., and Saucedo, R., 1991, Field observations of pristine block-and ash-flow deposits emplaced April 16-17, 1991 at Volcn de Colima, Mxico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 48-3/4, p. 399-412. Based on satellite images, wind data, webcam images, and notices from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that during 18-20 and 22-23 November ash plumes from Colima rose to altitudes of 4.9-7 km (16,000-23,000 ft) a.s.l. The primary source of information was the Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia, Universidad de Colima (CUEIV-UdC). Twenty-three B-type volcanic earthquakes were recorded during that time period, apparently independent of the high- frequency signals. A lahar warning has been issued for the coming rainy season, which usually begins in early June. Jalisco authorities who carried out a flight to observe changes in the crater discovered a new dome with a spiny surface that had grown over the 22 February explosion crater (figure 45). GPS calculated wind speed averaged 9.26 m/s. During 2014 the lahars were concentrated mostly at the beginning of the rainy season (June-July), and the detected events were triggered by instances of ~20 mm of rain. Precise start dates are common, but end dates are not, restricting the precision of eruptive duration. At 2300 that day from La Yerbabuena, observers Navarro, Breton, and Santaana saw fumarolic gases blown around the W face of the volcano, but in the faint moonlight he failed to discern any glow or ash from the crater. and drifted W. During 21-27 March, incandescent material from Colima was expelled as high as 50-150 m above the summit. and drifted S on 4 October. During 7-12 September, several small explosions occurred at Colima. Espndola, and C. Siebe observed the advance of the westernmost lava flow from a 3,100-m-elevation vantage point. Max VEI: 2, 1780 Nov 26 Flores, J., and others, 1987, Informes de las recientes observaciones practicadas en el Volcan Colima: Revista del Instituto de Geografia y Estadistica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mxico, v. 3, no. The explosions appeared to originate from the central to W side of the dome. Ash fell at a distance of 12.5 km to the NE of the volcano (in the village of Los Mazos, Jalisco). Viewing this movement as deflation of a magma chamber (Murray, 1993), this may simply be a reflection of the rather larger output of the volcano in 1998-99 compared to 1991. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided. No B-type events or tremor were recorded. As of 6 March activity at Colima was similar to the previous weeks. Confirmed Eruption Few people witnessed the lahar. During 13-18 April there were several explosions at Colima. Rock avalanches continued throughout the rest of the night. Based on information from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that there were several emissions from Colima during 26-27 March. and drifted W. Based on satellite and webcam images, the Washington VAAC reported that on 1 September an ash plume from Colima rose to an altitude of 5.5 km (18,000 ft) a.s.l. Courtesy Universidad de Colima and Instituto de Geofsica. The volume of the lava dome was estimated to have exceeded 1.2 million cubic meters (figure 126). J. Volcanol. This implies the spine's volume was ~75,000 m3. Uncertain Eruption, 1987 Jul 2 - 1987 Jul 2 Information for this report comes primarily from geoscientists at the Colima Volcano Observatory and the Faculty of Science of Colima University, and also from the Washington Volcanic Advisory Center (VAAC), and the University of Hawaii MODVOLC thermal alert system. | April Episode of lava effusion following the January 2013 sequence of explosions. An ash plume was visible on satellite imagery at a height around 6 km a.s.l. The UEPCC reported that at 0027 on 18 January a moderate-to-large explosion ejected incandescent material as far as 2 km onto the W, SW, SE, and N flanks. An abrupt 30-cm drop in the level of a group of small lakes 10.5 km SW of the summit (figure 13) was reported on 7 March. Fumaroles were noted along the dome's margins. The eight January through March events were reported in the previous Bulletin (BGVN 38:12). During 6-13 March, avalanches of incandescent volcanic material continued to flow 2-3 km down Colima's S, SW, and W flanks. Centro Universitario de Estudios e Investigaciones de Vulcanologia - Universidad de Colima reported that small explosions and intermittent steam-and-gas emissions, originating mainly from the NE side of the crater, continued to be recorded during 1-7 June. During 25-30 March some ash plumes rose to altitudes of 4-7.6 km (13,000-25,000 ft) a.s.l. For example, at fire site 3, located 2 km NNE of the summit (N side of road, just past bend near station Esteban) we found an isolated pumice bomb 20 cm across, but without burnt vegetation in contact. Ashfall was reported in various communities downwind. | March The maximum length of the Cordobn Central 2002 lava flow was estimated to be 1,290 m on 7 June 2002. On 20 May deformation became stable. The Universidad de Colima reported that the internal crater was about 250 m in diameter and 50-60 m deep; previous lava domes had been destroyed in late September and mid-November 2016. Res., 113: 81-110. The webcam recorded an ash plume rising from the crater and drifting NE later that day.
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