One of the worlds newest, most contested coal-burning power plants began operation in December. Newly found specimens that grew more than a and JavaScript. 30, 22242234 (2013). species Ginkgo biloba, has an evolutionary lineage that dates back Zhiyan Zhou. 15, 1566 (2005). these mountains by approximately 1100 AD and spread quickly throughout & Koch, M. A. Phylogeography of a living fossil: Pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L.(Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Mol. Interested in an electric car? 105, 15121530 (2018). The findings of recent long-distance dispersals in both China and Japan, as evidenced by the pairwise identity-by-state (IBS) genetic distances of nuclear genomes (Fig. Am. closely resemble features of Ginkgo. Our SDM analysis indicated the habitat persistence in the potential refugia of ginkgo trees (Fig. SOAPnuke: a MapReduce acceleration-supported software for integrated quality control and preprocessing of high-throughput sequencing data. Many scientists believe that these Lu, L. M. et al. distinguishable on the basis of leaf anatomy and geographical distribution. 33, 17541767 (2016). S.S., P.-P.Y., N.L., G.H., X.H., Y.-J.H., F.-M.Z., J.-D.H., H.Z., J.C., W.X. Ginkgos once grew around the world, but the tree was erased from all but Asia by glaciers and, Crane believes, the extinction of animals that spread its seed. Both Open Access We performed routine analyses of population genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of ginkgo with both the resequencing and plastome datasets (Supplementary Notes4 and 5). A gene cluster in Ginkgo biloba encodes unique multifunctional cytochrome P450s that initiate ginkgolide biosynthesis, Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of mutant yellow leaves provide insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo biloba, Transcriptional profiling of long noncoding RNAs associated with leaf-color mutation in Ginkgo biloba L, The response of ABA and hydraulic indicator-mediated leaf gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrate of Ginkgo biloba saplings to drought and rehydration, Study on the Jehol Biota: Recent advances and future prospects, Endophytes from Gingko biloba: the current status. It reaches a height of 50 to 80 feet at maturity. 48, 10941105 (2008). To assess potential biases resulting from the use of different sequencing platforms, we sequenced 14 randomly selected samples using the Illumina platform. It is very doubtful & Shao, G. Rediscovery of the first collection of the living fossil, Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Get Nat Geo newsletters plus unlimited access to free content. One extreme case comprising individuals with the smallest IBS values (IBS<0.03) (Fig. Zhou, Z.-Y. The Ginkgo survived the Ice age because the sheets of ice didn't reach parts of southeast China. Genome Biol. 3a, that the Japanese and Korean samples form a dense cluster with the main group of the EAST samples, while those from Europe are mainly clustered with other EAST samples that have a rare genetic component (Fig. Zhou, Z., Zheng, S. The missing link in Ginkgo evolution. Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Ginkgo trees are either male or female. therefore subsume these into Ginkgo as well. Tithonian to pre-Albian plant Proudly powered by WordPress | These authors contributed equally: Yun-Peng Zhao, Guangyi Fan, Ping-Ping Yin, Shuai Sun, Ning Li, Xiaoning Hong. ), Did you know early in the last century petrified. Evol. Gigascience 4, 7 (2015). Genome Res. David Gelles has spent time in Montana with the plaintiffs of the first climate lawsuit related to a state constitution to go to trial. Maher, B. and R.Z. Chinese Sci. The whole-genome diploid consensus sequences for each sample were generated by SAMtools and BCFtools with the parameter C50. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Further information on research design is available in theNature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. (Springer Japan, 1997). 9, e1003905 (2013). When theres a lot of carbon in the air, the plant needs fewer pores to absorb the carbon it needs. 1 and Supplementary Note1). In addition, the number of fossil sites decreases Ginkgo has a venerable fossil record Although this genus has undergone much change over this length of time, fossilized leaf material from the Tertiary species Ginkgo adiantoides is considered similar or even identical to that produced by modern Ginkgo biloba trees. These investigations provide insights into the evolutionary history of ginkgo trees and valuable genomic resources for further addressing various questions involving living fossil species. Regardless of the number of species, Others are growing at significantly elevated levels, approximating levels in the distant past or perhaps the future. Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J. The oldest known ginkgo trees in China were estimated to be approximately 10003000 years old, with many of them being adjacent to human settlements5,15; thus, human-mediated introduction might have occurred at the regional scale in China3,5,13,14. These results are in agreement with those of many previous reports indicating high level of genetic diversity in ginkgo at both the species and local scales9,10,13. Nature 554, 234238 (2018). Genetic structure and post-glacial expansion of Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae): Integrative evidence from phylogeography, population demographic history, and species distribution modeling. Google Scholar. Ecol. Britannica Quiz Trees of the Mol. J. Hum. In this study, we resequence 545 ginkgo genomes and uncover the evolutionary history of this living fossil. Notably, the demographic fluctuations since 2 mya showed opposite changes in the amount of atmospheric dust, as inferred by the mass accumulation rate (MAR) of Chinese loess27, which indicates that population size reductions were correlated with a cold climate (high MAR). Another Press, Cambridge, 1919). Plenty, scientists hope. From Michelin-starred menus to gilded historic sites, these restaurants are worth a visitwhether or not youre a tourist. diversity in the genus Ginkgo was reduced to a single Jonathan Owens, 34, was sentenced Thursday by Cook County Judge Steven Rosenblum. A total of 481 chloroplast genomes were completely assembled using the GetOrganelle pipeline46, of which 446 plastomes of Chinese ginkgo trees were used in various analyses. 33, 131139 (1994). Recent synchronous radiation of a living fossil. This component is widespread in the European and American samples. Pairwise FST values calculated based on plastome dataset also revealed deep divergence among the lineages with a large number of identical sequences both within and between lineages (Supplementary Table3), suggesting seed-mediated and long-distance dispersals of ginkgo trees in China possibly due to human activities. Rich Barclay, a Smithsonian research geologist who is director of the Fossil Atmospheres Project, near a ginkgo tree at the Smithsonian Research Center in Edgewater, Md. Phylogenetic relationships and population structure of ginkgo populations. b Schematic of demographic scenarios modeled using fastsimcoal2, with the ancestral population shown in brown. 1a, Supplementary Table8) to represent the ginkgo lineages in two refugia and searched the genome for potential regions with signatures of selection using parameter-based statistics and a likelihood-based program SweeD31 (Supplementary Note7). Biol. All the pairs without a line connection have the IBS values between 0.03 and 0.09. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads, which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm. Thats where the Smithsonians ginkgo leaves come in. Hampton pointed out that ginkgo trees are hardy, adaptable trees that grow in a wide variety of soils and climates. Peer reviewer reports are available. Approximately seven million years ago it disappeared from From the fossil record, it seems that most early gymnosperms went extinct. 26, 59235938 (2017). 50, 368374 (2008). This result is consistent with the results of analyses based on the plastome dataset, suggesting seed-mediated dispersal (Supplementary Table3) and supports previous arguments that recent human activity helped in the effective dispersal of ginkgo trees in China14,15. The inner skin (called a pellicle) will fall off leaving a light yellow kernel. The results showed that a total of 910 and 949 putative regions that showed signatures of selection and contained 643 and 504 candidate genes, in EAST-g and SWEST-g, respectively (Fig. Start studying Index Fossil. 3a and Supplementary Fig. Jing, W., Street, N. R., Scofield, D. G. & Ingvarsson, P. K. Variation in linked selection and recombination drive genomic divergence during allopatric speciation of European and American aspens. Cite this article. to the tropical environment at that time. The ginkgo is the only non-extinct gymnosperm that has seeds that are not produced in a cone. 24, 15961599 (2007). Seward, A. C. Fossil Plants Vol. Heres why. 38, 12671280 (2011). Triangles indicated by black arrows are the samples containing more than 50% of a rare genetic component (blue in Fig. Biol. N. Ser. Mol. Were in the process of exiting the age of big oil, and going into the age of big shovels, to quote Daniel Yergin. Chang, M.-M, Chen, P.-J, Wang, Y.-Q & Wang, Y. Because most fossil-bearing rocks formed in the ocean, the major index fossils are marine organisms. WebHistory of Ginkgo: Chinese Medicinal Herb. The datasets reported in this study are also available in the CNGB Nucleotide Sequence Archive under accession number CNP0000136. in Ginkgo Biloba A Global Treasure - From Biology to Medicine (Springer, 1997). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Del Tridici, P. Ginkgos and Peoplea thousand years of interaction. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Should we get lobsters high before eating them? Genet. The pairs with slightly larger IBS values (0.03IBS<0.07, pairs without connected lines) were found mainly between China and Japan/Korea (Fig. Were in the process of exiting the age of big oil, and going into the age of big shovels, to quote Daniel Yergin. Red meat is what Republican voters want. Evol. identification and range of variation. And even Trump who will say anything to win the approval of a crowd is a little shocked by it. 3b). 3a, Supplementary Fig. sharply. Ecol. The controversial man behind the atomic bomb, Discovering time-honored traditions in Texas, 4 French royal mistresses who made their mark on history. Thats why hes running an experiment in a forest clearing in Maryland, where he and project assistant Ben Lloyd tend rows of ginkgo trees within open-topped enclosures of plastic sheeting that exposes them to rain, sunlight and changing seasons, so the plants experience natural cycles, Barclay said. Google Scholar. Ecol. To prepare them for eating, first crack them with a pair of pliers. 2016YFE0122000; 2017YFA0605104), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. CNN Some trees can live for centuries or even millennia but the secrets behind their long life spans have eluded scientists. The source data of Fig. Paleocene Ginkgo seed on left (UWSP 14906) shows both sclerotesta (arrow 1) and sarcotesta (arrow 2), as does fossil seed on right (UWSP 2493). b Distribution of the Z-score-transformed expected heterozygosity (HE) and FST for EAST-g and SWEST-g in 100kb nonoverlapping sliding windows along chromosomes. The earliest fossils assigned to the Ginkgoales come from the (Tokyo) 10, 104110 (1896). The present study supported the deep divergence among the three refugia by both nuclear and chloroplast datasets (Supplementary Figs. Molecular data and ecological niche modelling reveal a highly dynamic evolutionary history of the East Asian Tertiary relict Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae). Ginkgo trees are not only beautiful, they are also an important medicinal plant with a fascinating story. The map image, derived from ArcGIS Online maps, is the intellectual property of Esri, which is permitted for free use in academic publications (https://doc.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-online/reference/static-maps.htm). They do best if planted in a well-drained, sunny location. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Biol. Cheng-Xin Fu, Xin Liu, Xun Xu or Song Ge. An important question about living fossils is whether their extinction is underway8. It is evident that the NORTH lineage originated 139,260 years ago as a result of admixture between the SWEST (28.45%) and SOUTH (71.55%) lineages (Fig. Ginkgo bilobas footprint of dynamic Pleistocene history dates back only 390,000 years ago. New Phytol. Here's what you should know. Evolutionary trends Geological and geographical distributions 1. In addition to the well-known refugium in southwestern China9,10,11, we identified a second refugium in eastern China9,10,11,12,13 and a third potential refugium in southern China where three ancient genetic components were uncovered (Fig. Article 6, 23462358 (2016). The prehistory of ginkgo goes back to before the Atlantic Ocean existed and before the southern continents broke from Antarctica and went their own ways. As seen in photos and drawings, some ginkgo leaves do not have this characteristic leaf division. 11c, d and 7b) samples as well as the distribution of the IBS genetic distances (Supplementary Fig. As demonstrated by ADMIXTURE analyses (Supplementary Fig. Pairs with short genetic distances (IBS<0.03 or IBS<0.07) may reflect recent dispersal or introduction. Whats also special about ginkgo trees is that their fossils often preserve actual plant material, not just an impression. Article The leaf morphology is ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Out of China: Distribution history of Ginkgo biloba L. Taxon 59, 495504 (2010). Dorsey et al. And that thin sheet of organic matter could prove to be key to understanding the ancient climate system and the possible future of our warming planet. By January, it had ground to a halt for a month. No. & Chaw, S.-M. We also thank Yating Qin, Qun Liu, Longqi Liu for their technical helps in Hi-C experiment and data analysis. 12), the two datasets (i.e., the SNPs called based on the draft and updated genomes) generated almost identical results, implying that the SNPs called based on a draft genome (or virtual pseudo-chromosomes by randomly linked scaffolds) could provide sufficient information for addressing various evolutionary questions as long as the SNPs were called under strict filtering standards. Peterson, B. J. Fossil Record of the Ginkgoales - University of California Museum Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China, Yun-Peng Zhao,Ping-Ping Yin,Ya-Jun Hao,Han-Yang Lin,Xiao-Ming Zheng&Cheng-Xin Fu, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, Shandong, China, Guangyi Fan,Ping-Ping Yin,Shuai Sun,Ning Li,Xiaoning Hong,Gang Hu,He Zhang,Qiwu Xu,Xianwei Yang,Wenjie Xia,Rui Zhang,Jiang Chen,Xin Liu&Xun Xu, State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China, Ning Li,Fu-Min Zhang,Jing-Dan Han&Song Ge, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China, BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083, Guangdong, China, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, Guangdong, China, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China, Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan, James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China, BGI-Fuyang, BGI-Shenzhen, Fuyang, 236009, Anhui, China, China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, Zhejiang, China, You can also search for this author in Plenty, The monarch butterflys spots may be its superpower. Mol. There are several selected cultivated varieties that you may want to look for in the nursery. The Impact of Mobile Gaming on Casino Game Development, Exploring the Rich Diversity of Plants and the Intricacies, Smart Solutions for Sustainable Water Management, Automated Trading on Forex: Decision Automation and the Use of Expert Advisors. 4, 374381 (2012). It hasnt changed much in many millions of years.. Then boil them for about ten minutes. at the start of the Pliocene, it Extinct genera, such as Ginkgoites and Baiera, are known from fossilized leaves that are similar to those of the present-day tree. The ginkgo is often termed a living fossil because it was once unclear whether uncultivated groups of ginkgo could be found in the wild. Present distribution and diversification of Ginkgo biloba L. East Asia is considered as the last refuge 10). Plants. Open Access articles citing this article. In bioRxiv, 256479 (2018). 1.9), we used a histogram to display the IBS distribution. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 223230 (Springer, Tokyo, 1997). & Chen, X. Y. 4.0)49 based on the distance matrix. Am. He, S. A., Yin, G. & Pang, Z. J. 14). Crisp, M. D. & Cook, L. G. Cenozoic extinctions account fpr yje low diversity of extant gymnosperms compared with angiosperms. 10 airport and train station restaurants that are actually good. Discovering time-honored traditions in Texas, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Again, in April, it sat idle for 23 days. Fossils attributable to the 2b and Supplementary Table5), which are in well agreement with an estimate based on whole-plastid-genome sequence data12. Here we describe a new Ginkgo fossil that was collected from the Lower Cretaceous fossil Lagersttte (the Yixian Formation2, which is over 121 Myr old3) in China and which fills this gap. Whole-genome sequencing of gaint pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation. A ginkgo tree in fall with bright yellow leaves. a Geographic distribution of the sampling locations. The authors are grateful to Peter Crane for his insightful comments and suggestions. The pulp may also cause an allergic dermatitis and contact with the skin should be avoided." ADS Recent investigations based on SSR markers and chloroplast sequences12,13 suggested that both random genetic drift and introgressions between lineages during the cycles of glaciations might have contributed to the current genetic structure of ginkgo populations. Shen, L. et al. gathered and characterized the resequencing data. Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) populations in the Dalou Mountains, southwestern China. The Yorkshire Jurassic Flora IV: Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales (Br. Zhou, Z. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) So how come do we The x-axis shows populations, and the y-axis quantifies the proportion of inferred ancestral lineages. 1993. 29 November 2019, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. WebWhy are Ginkgo and Cycas called living fossils? Heres what science recommends. Pavlidis, P., ivkovic, D., Stamatakis, A. 1ac are provided in a Source Data file. Wang, H. W. & Ge, S. Phylogeography of the endangered Cathaya argyrophylla (Pinaceae) inferred from sequence variation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. More than 98.6% of SNPs were shared between the two sequencing platforms (Supplementary Table2), suggesting robust stability of the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform. The researchers adjust the carbon dioxide pumped into each chamber, and an electronic monitor outside flashes the levels every five seconds. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp. Royer, D. L., Hickey, L. J. d A neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree of all 545 ginkgo samples around the world constructed using whole-genome SNP data based on pairwise identity-by-state (IBS) genetic distances. Ginkgo is not a good index fossil because it is not widespread (naturally occurring in China) and has existed for a long geologic time (since the Permian or 270 million years), meaning its rate of evolution is slow. 2. Is a shark a good index fossil? No, because sharks are not widespread and have lived for a long geologic time. If a ginkgo tree fell in an ancient forest, what could its leaves tell us about climate in dinosaur times? It's believed that ginkgo trees once formed large forests in this area over 30 million years ago. Xingyuan Formation, Inner Mongolia. Resequencing 545 ginkgo genomes across the world reveals the evolutionary history of the living fossil, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12133-5. Taxon 52, 585588 (2003). XDB31000000; XDB31020000; CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams). volume10, Articlenumber:4201 (2019) As one of the best-known and most distinctive trees worldwide, ginkgo has fascinated humans for centuries by its significance in biology and medicine as well as its power as a source of artistic and religious inspiration3,5,6,7,8. 2a). Sci. And the story of ginkgos is not the familiar one of human carelessness with nature. Thanks to fossils found in North Dakota, scientists know the species Ginkgo biloba has existed in its current form for 60 million years; it has genetically similar ancestors dating back 170 million years to the Jurassic Period. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The radius of the pies represents population size, and the colors represent ancestral components (according to the substructure at K=4). 1ac, 3ac, 4b and Supplementary Figs. Old Meets New. Conserv. Our analyses based on multiple approaches (Figs. These results indicate that the Chinese ginkgo populations harbor four ancient genetic components and consist of four major lineages in southwestern, southern, eastern and northern China. In general, though, the Texas energy grid is getting cleaner. The PSMC parameter (psmc -N25 -t15 -r5 -p 4+25*2+4+6) was used to infer the historical effective population size. Qiu, Y. X., Fu, C. X. At present Ginkgo trees probably don't exist anywhere as wild trees, but 150 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era, they enjoyed widespread distribution throughout the northern temperate zone. By resequencing 545 genomes of ginkgo trees sampled from 51 populations across the world, we identify three refugia in China and detect multiple cycles of population expansion and reduction along with glacial admixture between relict populations in the southwestern and southern refugia. Specifically, we identify four ancient genetic components and three glacial refugia of ginkgo populations in China. This leaf drop, gradual at first, and then suddenly, carpets streets with golden, fan-shaped leaves every year. Sin. A total of 545 individual ginkgo trees were carefully selected to represent most of the known localities of large ginkgo trees around the world, including 51 populations from nine countries (Supplementary Fig. Dating back more than 200 million years, it is often referred to as a living fossil. Because its leaves resemble the maiden- hair fern, it is also known as the maidenhair tree. Watch out if you step on one they are odoriferous little land mines. All rights reserved. Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Here's how to prepare. 46, 919 (2014). Our ADMIXTURE result indicates that non-Chinese populations (the OVERSEAS samples) comprise three ancient genetic components that are only found in the EAST and SOUTH lineages (Fig. Zhao, S. et al. They are tolerant of drought and urban air pollution. 45, 6771 (2013). The odor of the fruit has been compared to rancid butter and dog manure, but I think it's much worse. Using the chromosome-level ginkgo reference genome17, we obtained 214.33 million raw SNPs and 161.04 million high quality SNPs (Dataset 0) using a strict filtering standard (Supplementary Note2). An unconformity might form if a river flowed over the layer of rock and then dried up. The ginkgo was brought out of We want to understand how the planet has responded in the past to large-scale changes in climate how ecosystems changed, how ocean chemistry and sea levels changed, how forests worked.. the species took on a more southerly distribution than it had This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. part of the former USSR. To obtain The map image was derived from ArcGIS. A good index fossil is one with four characteristics: it is distinctive, widespread, abundant, and limited in geologic time. Five datasets were compiled to satisfy the requirements of various analyses (Supplementary Note2). Lanier, H. C., Massatti, R., He, Q., Olson, L. E. & Knowles, L. L. Colonization from divergent ancestors: glaciation signatures on contemporary patterns of genomic variation in collared pikas (Ochotona collaris). S.G., G.F., Y.-P.Z., S.M-Y.L., J.W., H.Y. The map image was derived from ArcGIS. Major, R. T. The ginkgo, the most ancient living tree: the resistance of Ginkgo biloba L. to pests accounts in part for the longevity of this species. Look no further. The result indicated a few of cycles of population expansions and reduction in ginkgo populations during the Pleistocene glaciations. 32, 412 (2015). 3b) consists of groups of nearly identical individuals, reflective of recent dispersal or introduction. More recently, many Werth, A. J. Our demographic analyses detect multiple cycles of population expansion and reduction along with glacial admixture of relict populations in northern China in response to Pleistocene climate change. The raw SNP dataset was filtered using variant quality score recalibration (VQSR), with the majority of the SNPs showing high quality scores and low missing rates (Supplementary Fig. The thin sheet of organic matter preserved may be the key to understanding many details about the tree as well as its environment. We found multiple substantial demographic fluctuations, i.e., three peaks in population size at ~15 million years ago (mya), ~1.05mya, and ~0.5mya, as well as three significant population bottlenecks at ~4mya, 0.1mya, and 0.07mya. Ecol. Ecology of Ginkgo biloba.-Ginkgo biloba (Fig. 02 December 2020, BMC Plant Biology Evolutionary history of the angiosperm flora of China. Scientists thought that ADS Open Access Genet. ADS A drawer of Late Cretaceous ginkgo leaf fossils from Alaskas North Slope at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington. The Smithsonian is using the ginkgo to study climate change. conceived the project. Ginkgo is often called a living fossil because it has remained essentially unchanged for 200 million years and can be found in the fossil record at the same time as the dinosaurs. Ecol. A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. 2, 3b, 5a, b, 6a, 11a, b, 14, 15, and 18 are provided as a Source Data file. Comparative organization of chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear diversity in plantpopulations. Paleobiology 29, 84104 (2003). Nat. 1b and Supplementary Fig. Nat. Jack Hampton, Washington State University Master Gardener, was a nut and fruit enthusiast who passed away in 1999. Thus, we obtained SNP data from chloroplast genomes, representing the maternally inherited markers, to perform analyses of phylogenetic relationships and population genetic structure of ginkgo trees. Many specimens have labels written in beautiful cursive, including one dated Aug. 22, 1896. The present study provides multiple lines of evidence explicitly refuting the notion that ginkgo is an evolutionary dead end in terms of adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress (Supplementary Note7) as well as the high level of genetic diversity (Table1), repeated resurgence of population size in response to glaciations (Fig. Ma, Q. et al. Being maternally inherited in ginkgo14, the chloroplast genome provides additional information on population genetics and phylogeography44. Hist., London, 1974). We selected one group of individuals (58 trees) each from the EAST and SWEST lineages, herein named EAST-g and SWEST-g, respectively (Fig. Alexa, A., Rahnenfhrer, J. Now, he wants to know what pores in the fossilized leaves can tell him about the atmosphere 100 million years ago. Pavlidis, P., ivkovi, D., Stamatakis, A. It is evident when K=4 that the EAST and SOUTH lineages further diverged and that four ancestral genetic components of ginkgo occur in China, with the northern populations (the NORTH lineage) being admixed with three ancient components (Fig.
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why is ginkgo not an index fossil
