Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood, Abbey of Santa Mara la Real de Las Huelgas, Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain, Alternative successions of the English and British crown, History of monarchy in the United Kingdom, Succession to the British throne#Current line of succession, List of office holders of the United Kingdom and predecessor states, List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death, "Ethelred II 'The Unready' (r. 9781013 and 10141016)", "Edmund II 'Ironside' (r. Apr Nov 1016)", "Edward III 'The Confessor' (r. 10421066)", "William I 'The Conqueror' (r. 10661087)", "William II (Known as William Rufus) (r. 10871100)", "Richard I Coeur de Lion ('The Lionheart') (r.11891199)", "England: Louis of France's Claim to the Throne of England: 12161217", "Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain (1554)", "History of St Giles' without Cripplegate", "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 16261712", "William III (r. 16891702) and Mary II (r. 16891694)", "Archontology English Kings/Queens from 871 to 1707", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_monarchs&oldid=1162480287, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 29 June 2023, at 12:57. [141] Henry's reserves, led by Elias I, Count of Maine, and Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, attacked the enemy's flanks, routing first Bellme's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces. [132] Henry occupied western Normandy, and advanced east on Bayeux, where Fitzhamon was held. Charles II was crowned on 23 April 1661 but had been recognised by, James II was crowned on 23 April 1685 with. [128] He confronted the Duke and accused him of siding with his enemies, before returning to England. Mary II and William III were crowned on 11 April 1689. Catherine of Aragon Henry's brother and heir apparent Arthur had been betrothed since age 2 to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella. [84] William Giffard, William Rufus's chancellor, was made the bishop of Winchester, and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot, Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of Brmule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. [218] Matilda was crowned German queen in 1110. Assessing Henry's personal attitude towards religion later in his life is challenging. The husband of the formidable Eleanor of Aquitaine and father of John and Richard the Lionheart, Henry's action-packed reign gave . Age 33-46. [15], In dividing his lands, William appears to have followed the Norman tradition, distinguishing between Normandy, which he had inherited, and England, which he had acquired through war. There is some evidence that lfweard of Wessex may have been king in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother thelstan, although he was not crowned. [39], Although no longer formally the Count of Cotentin, Henry continued to control the west of Normandy. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. [114], The two armies met at Alton, Hampshire, where peace negotiations began, possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert, and probably supported by Flambard. The invasion had created an Anglo-Norman ruling class, many with estates on both sides of the English Channel. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108, pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings. Inheriting the throne from his eldest brother William II, Henry embraced his new found role in an enthusiastic manner, introducing modernising reforms and centralising the powers of the crown. The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. [112] Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a modest force of a few hundred men, but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England. [127] Arguing that the Duke had broken the terms of their treaty, the King crossed over the Channel to Domfront, where he met with senior barons from across Normandy, eager to ally themselves with him. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queenthe first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. [305], Henry campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Fort in November to enjoy some hunting, still apparently healthy. [8][nb 2] He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy. Similarly, although Matilda was granted several castles in Normandy as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them. [99] Henry and his second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, had no children. Henry I (c. 1068 - December 1, 1135) was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and the first born in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066. [295], Meanwhile, Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son, Geoffrey. England again lacked any single head of state. [227] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of Maine, Bellme and Brittany. The Tudor household had five monarchs that influenced society, and played a role in the Wars of the Roses. [10][nb 3] It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended, but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou, who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119. Known as Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster before he became king, Henry clashed with his cousin Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE) and was exiled in 1397 CE. Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts, including, The date of Edward II's death is disputed by historian. Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy. q r s t u v w x y z Henry I The youngest and most able of William the Conqueror's sons, Henry strengthened the crown's executive powers and modernised royal administration. Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. [17] England was given to William Rufus, who was in favour with the dying king. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"[70] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). The Normans (1066 - 1154) King William I, the Conqueror 1066 - 1087 King William II, Rufus 1087 - 1100 King Henry I 1100 - 1135 King Stephen 1135 - 1154 Empress Matilda 1141 Plantagenets (1154 - 1399) King Henry II 1154 - 1189 Henry I reigned as the king of England from 1100 to 1135 CE. [45] The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner. Elizabeth I See all media Born: September 7, 1533 Greenwich England Died: March 24, 1603 (aged 69) England House / Dynasty: House of Tudor Notable Family Members: father Henry VIII mother Anne Boleyn Role In: Battle of Cadiz See all related content Top Questions [13] Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September, where the King partitioned his possessions among his sons. [292] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William. [309] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at the priory of Notre-Dame du Pr, and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey. [324] Only two major, modern biographies of Henry have been produced, C. Warren Hollister's posthumous volume in 2001, and Judith Green's 2006 work. [276] Waleran was captured, but Amaury escaped. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. Historian Richard Southern argued in favour of the two shifts being in 1120 and 1129, although Martin Brett dismissed 1120 as a probable date, preferring 1129 as the key date. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.[75]. [268] Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and, although he was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region. [118] William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, was accused of fresh crimes, which were not covered by the Alton amnesty, and was banished from England. In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda while he was still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry's death. [143] Reaching Rouen, Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from the leading barons and citizens. [95][nb 11] Matilda proved an effective queen for Henry, acting as a regent in England on occasion, addressing and presiding over councils, and extensively supporting the arts. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707, when England and Scotland united during the reign of Queen Anne to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster. [226] In a bid to isolate Louis diplomatically, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Duke Conan III of Brittany, creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively. Stephen agreed to make Henry his heir after the latter's military expedition to England in 1153, and he inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England. [287][nb 31] Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy. The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. Henry's son William drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the royal succession into doubt. With the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain; see List of British monarchs. [191] Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year. [165] Strict rules controlled personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages, as had been the norm under William Rufus. Henry had several illegitimate children by various mistresses. Born around 1068, very little is known of Henry's early life: as the youngest son of William the Conqueror he had never expected to be king. [316], Historians have drawn on a range of sources on Henry, including the accounts of chroniclers; other documentary evidence, including early pipe rolls; and surviving buildings and architecture. He was also the Lord of Ireland from 1177 to 1216 and the Duke of Aquitaine from 1204 to 1216. So that part was the most sad element . All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Henry I, (born c. 1008died Aug. 2 or 4, 1060, Vitry-aux-Loges, France), king of France from 1026 to 1060 whose reign was marked by struggles against rebellious vassals.
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