In World War II a large part of the historic inner city was destroyed by a British bombing raid (March 28, 1942), but the area was restored during postwar reconstruction. These demanded the restoration of the union between the duchies, a question beyond the competence of the Confederation. This caused a deadlock for practical lawmaking. As the result of the short campaign that followed, the preliminaries of a treaty of peace were signed on August 1, the king of Denmark renouncing all his rights in the duchies in favour of the emperor of Austria and the king of Prussia. To avoid that expense, Prussia planned the Kiel Canal, which could not be built as long as Denmark ruled Holstein. In 1422, Duke Henry X of Silesia-Sagan (also known as duke Heinrich Rumpold), envoy of the Holy Roman Emperor, was recognised by both sides as arbitrator. Though no territorial changes came of it, it had the effect that Prime Minister Knud Kristensen was forced to resign after a vote of no confidence because the Folketing did not support his enthusiasm for incorporating South Schleswig into Denmark. Lbeck, Flensburg, and Neumnster are the major cities. In the Duchy of Lauenburg the personal union with Denmark ended and her estates elected a new dynasty in 1865. So the revenues of the duchies, deriving from the rights of overlordship in the various towns and territories of Schleswig and Holstein, were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates, themselves remaining undivided, to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among the elder brothers. Holstein Switzerland (German: Holsteinische Schweiz) is a hilly area with a patchwork of lakes and forest in Schleswig Holstein, Germany, reminiscent of Swiss landscape.Its highest point is the Bungsberg (168 metres above sea level). The principles which Prussia was commissioned to enforce as the mandatory of the German Confederation were: At this point the tsar intervened in favour of peace; and Prussia, conscious of her restored strength and weary of the intractable temper of the provisional Frankfurt government, determined to take matters into her own hands. The medieval Treaty of Ribe had proclaimed that Schleswig and Holstein were indivisible, albeit in another context. The two powers, then, agreed to demand the complete political independence of the duchies bound together by common institutions. Holstein, meanwhile including former Saxe-Lauenburg (as of 1876) and the former Free and Hanseatic City of Lbeck and Region of Lbeck (both as of 1937) regained statehood, now united with Schleswig, in 1946, when the British occupation government elevated the province to the State of Schleswig-Holstein, followed by the official dissolution of Prussia in 1947. During the 30-years' War the relations between Duke and King worsened. It has the second highest tourism intensity per local among the German states, after Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, but in absolute value it is rank 6th and only 1/3 of top destination Bavaria. The sole hope of preventing Russia from throwing her sword into the scale of Austria lay in settling the Schleswig-Holstein question as Russia desired. "From the beginning", he said later (Reflections, ii. The duchy of Schleswig was legally a Danish fief and not part of the Holy Roman Empire or, after 1815, of the German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund, Danish: Tysk Forbund), but the duchy of Holstein was a Holy Roman fief and a state of both the Empire and later the German Confederation of 18151866. The area of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) was first inhabited by the mingled West Germanic tribes Cimbri, Angles and Jutes, later also by the North Germanic Danes and West Germanic Frisians. After World War II, the Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation. Historically, the name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig; now part of the Region of Southern Denmark) in Denmark. 272). Cities in Holstein included Kiel, Altona, Glckstadt, Rendsburg, Segeberg, Heiligenhafen, Oldenburg in Holstein, and Pln. It thus became a sovereign state. Its islands, beaches and cities attract millions of tourists every year. While in Northern Schleswig some smaller regions (for example Tnder) had a clear majority of voters for Germany, in Central Schleswig all regions voted for Germany. The three units were governed by one cabinet, consisting of liberal ministers of Denmark who urged for economical and social reforms, and conservative ministers of the Holstein nobility who opposed political reform. By Article XIX of the Treaty of 1864, indeed, they should have been secured the rights of indigenacy, which, while falling short of complete citizenship, implied, according to Danish law, all the essential guarantees for civil liberty. This article is about the current German state and its historic antecedents. In the Frisian districts of Schleswig approx. On June 25 the London conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion. The first sovereign act he was called upon to perform was to sign the new constitution. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Lubeck Travel and Tourism-Lubeck, Germany, Official Site of the City of Luebeck, Germany, Lbeck, Germany: Elbe-Lbeck Canal bridge. 3. For instance, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II occupied the region between the river Eider and the inlet Schlei in the years 974983, called the March of Schleswig, and stimulating German colonisation. As to Holstein, he stated that certain circumstances prevented him from giving, in regard to some parts of the duchy, so clear a decision as in the case of Schleswig. The GDP per employee was 95% of the EU average. Historical region in the Southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, Partitions of the County of Holstein (11111474), Partitions of the Duchy of Holstein (14741866). Neither the agnatic heirs of Schauenburg nor Holstein-Pinneberg's liege lord the Lower Saxon Duke Augustus could help it. Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, protested and refused to follow the verdict. Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig (German: Sdschleswig or Landesteil Schleswig, Danish: Sydslesvig), whereas Northern Schleswig is in Denmark (South Jutland County, Region of Southern Denmark). It also borders the North Sea in the west and the Baltic Sea in the east. But for many centuries, the king of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a German Duke of Holstein. The Low German name is Sleswig-Holsteen, and the North Frisian name is Slaswik-Holstiinj. The Wagri, Wagiri, or Wagrians were a tribe of Polabian Slavs inhabiting Wagria, or eastern Holstein in northern Germany, from the ninth to twelfth centuries. Swedish troops landed to assist the Danes; Nicholas I of Russia, speaking with authority as Head of the elder Gottorp line, pointed out to King Frederick William IV the risks of a collision; Great Britain, though the Danes rejected her mediation, threatened to send her fleet to assist in preserving the status quo. Rolling hills (the highest elevation is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes are found, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holstein Switzerland and the former Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg). [clarification needed] The provisions of the treaty apply not only to the children of Schleswig optants, but to their direct descendants in all decrees. The language of the people is "Niederschsisch" (Low German). Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. John II the Elder, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Haderslev, produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. Distinctive point of the cuisine is combination of sweetness with a taste contrast like sour or salty. This complicated matters further, as many Danes wished for the new democratic constitution to apply for all Danes, including in the Danes in Schleswig. It did not take long for disagreements between Prussia and Austria over both the administration and the future of the duchies to surface. The Duchy of Schleswig, or Southern Jutland, was originally an integral part of Denmark, but in medieval times was established as a fief under the control of the Kingdom of Denmark, having the same relationship with the Danish Crown as, for example, Brandenburg or Bavaria had with the Holy Roman Emperor. A separate kingdom of Haithabu was established around year 900 by the Viking chieftain Olaf from Svealand. that they remain for ever together undivided). Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. In 1721, all of Schleswig was united into a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig: consequently, Schleswig would always follow the order of succession that applied in the Kingdom of Denmark. Apart from northern Holstein and Schleswig inhabited by Danes there were Nordalbingia and Wagria in respectively, Western and Eastern Holstein. This was the Second War of Schleswig, which ended in Danish defeat. The term Schleswig originally referred to the city of Schleswig. However, it was to be the outcome after the, This page was last edited on 30 May 2023, at 14:50. From 1866 Lbeck belonged to the North German Confederation and from 1871 to the German Empire. It was, in fact, a compromise, and left the fundamental issues unsettled. Their position remained vacant with Superintendent Christoph Carl Julius Asschenfeldt officiating per pro. His son ascended the Danish throne, and the main branch continued as Kings, and a cadet branch descended from Abel of Denmark received Southern Jutland (Slesvig) as their appanage. [citation needed] Most importantly, Article I clarified the question of succession: "The form of government shall be that of a constitutional monarchy. The origins of the nuclear material were disputed, with one report determining them to not be that of the Krmmel plant. The promulgation of a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig in November 1863 prompted Otto von Bismarck to intervene and Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark. On December 24, 1863, Saxon and Hanoverian troops marched into the German duchy of Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, and supported by their presence and by the loyalty of the Holsteiners the duke of Augustenburg assumed the government under the style of Duke Frederick VIII. [43], In the North Sea the numbers were 19,487 tonnes of mussels, 3560 tonnes of North Sea shrimp, 1166 tonnes of herring and 7062 other fishes. The Danish-German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany following World War I which was never challenged by Hitler. Type: City with 246,000 residents Description: city in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Postal code: 24110 Notable Places in the Area Wunderino Arena Stadium Photo: KarleHorn, CC BY 3.0. Pretzel (Brezel in German) is a baked pastry in a distinct intertwined shape. Livestock is continuously declining.[41]. For a list of rulers, see Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein and List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein. To add to the misery, the Danish government refused to allow the Danish optants expelled by Prussia to settle in Denmark, though this rule was modified by the Danish Nationality Law of 1898 in favour of the children of optants born after the passing of the law. Meanwhile, however, Lord John Russell on behalf of Great Britain, supported by Russia, France and Sweden, had intervened with a proposal that the whole question should once more be submitted to a European conference. Even this concession violated the principle of the indissoluble union of the duchies, but the German Federal Assembly, fully occupied at home, determined to refrain from further action till the Danish parliament should make another effort to pass a law or budget affecting the whole kingdom without consulting the estates of the duchies. The German coastal state of Schleswig-Holstein, which includes the Halligen, is spending millions of euros to enlarge the mounds on which the islanders live, preparing for a sea level rise of up. It was then when the male lines both in the kingdom and the duchy became extinct, that the counts of Holstein-Rendsburg seized on Schleswig, assuming at the same time the style of lords of Jutland. With this merging of power begins the history of the union of Schleswig and Holstein. Holstein (German pronunciation: [hltan] (listen); Northern Low Saxon: Holsteen; Danish: Holsten; Latin: Holsatia) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. It is proportionally the most Protestant of the sixteen modern states. In 2018, members of the Evangelical Church in Germany make up 44.6% of the population, while members of the Catholic Church comprise 6.1%. Under Frederik IV (1773) the two duchies become Danish territories, 1864 This was accepted by Russia and by the German great powers, and Denmark found herself isolated in Europe. In the Battle of Bornhved (798) (German: Schlacht bei Bornhved) on the field of Sventanafeld (Sventanapolje, Slavonic for "sacred field") near the village of Bornhved near Neumnster in 798 the Obodrites, led by Droko, allied with the Franks, defeated the Nordalbingian Saxons. Schleswig-Holstein, Land (state) located in northwestern Germany. Schleswig was under Danish control during the Viking Age, but in the 12th century it escaped full control and became a duchy. On July 10, 1849, another truce was signed. A settlement seemed as far off as ever. The Saxon dukes, however, continued to rule central Holstein, and when Lothair of Supplinburg became duke of Saxony (1106), on the extinction of the Billung line, he enfeoffed Lord Adolphus of Schauenburg with the County of Holstein, as a Saxon subfief, becoming Adolphus I, Count of Holstein with the Saxon, later Lower Saxon dukes as liege lords. In Flensburg she was struck by the plague and died shortly after. The region has been strongly Protestant since the time of the Protestant Reformation. In 1409, King Eric VII of Denmark (Eric of Pomerania) forced the German nobles to surrender Flensburg to him. Dezember 2018, "Kieler Woche soll wieder gro gefeiert werden", "Landesmarke Staatskanzlei - Marken-Manual SH", "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018", "Northern Germany spearheads energy transition", "Highlight of the Month: The First German State Achieves 100% Renewable Energy", "AKW Brokdorf ist in der Silvesternacht vom Netz gegangen", "Childhood leukemia in the vicinity of the Geesthacht nuclear establishments near Hamburg, Germany", "Childhood Leukemia in the Vicinity of the Geesthacht Nuclear Establishments near Hamburg, Germany", "Tag der Deutschen Einheit: Tourismus in neuen Lndern wchst seit 2008 langsamer als im Westen", "Die groe Abzocke an deutschen Strnden", "Schleswig-Holstein / Hamburg - Landwirtschaft", "Rinderbestand in Deutschland nach Bundeslndern in den Jahren 2018 bis 2020", "Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundeslndern in Deutschland |", "Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online", "Deutsche werften geniessen unter superyacht eignern exzellenten ruf", "Flender Werft: 800 Mitarbeiter frchten das Aus", "chon im kommenden Jahr werden Caterpillar-Motoren nicht mehr in Kiel, sondern in Rostock und China produziert", "Kiel Voith Verkauf endgueltig gescheitert", "Gesamte Ladung der Schiffe im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal in den Jahren 1996 bis 2020", "Schleswig-Holstein - Zahlen zur Bildung", "Statistisches Bundesamt: Publikation Bildung, Forschung, Kultur Bildungsfinanzbericht", "Institutions of Higher Education in Schleswig-Holstein", States of the Federal Republic of Germany, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schleswig-Holstein&oldid=1162375194, NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union, States and territories established in 1946, Danish-speaking countries and territories, Articles with German-language sources (de), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Low German-language text, Articles containing North Frisian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Minister for Education, Training, Science, Research and Culture, Minister for Interior, Communities, Housing and Sport, Minister for Energy Transition, Climate Protection, Environment and Nature, Minister for Economics, Transport, Labour, Technology and Tourism, Minister for Social Affairs, Youth, Family, Seniors, Integration and Equality, Minister for Agriculture, Rural Areas, Europe and Consumer Protection, Natural growth from JanuarySeptember 2016 =, Natural growth from JanuarySeptember 2017 =, Holsteiner Katenschinken is ham with traditional cold-smoking method, Flensburger Rum-Verschnitt, braun mix of oversea rum, water and neutral alcohol (typical 40-42%), This page was last edited on 28 June 2023, at 18:40. Holstein's name comes from the Holcetae, a Saxon tribe mentioned by Adam of Bremen as living on the north bank of the Elbe, to the west of Hamburg. Although the Hanseatic League was effectively dissolved in 1630, Lbeck remained the most important harbour on the Baltic Sea. Further adjustments followed. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the three rulers bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn". For the Prussian province (18681945), see, List of Minister-Presidents of Schleswig-Holstein. The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.9% of German economic output. Two towered gates are remnants of the medieval fortifications: the Burgtor (1444), which received a new roof in 1685, and the famous Holstentor (1478), which has housed the municipal museum since 1950. Between 1648 and 1773 the royal share used to be called, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 06:13. The state has a total of 46 public ports and landing stages, four of which fulfill international transit functions: Kiel, Lbeck / Travemnde and Puttgarden on the Baltic Sea, Brunsbttel on the North Sea. The official language of Schleswig-Holstein is German. The citys economy was restored with the construction of the Elbe-Lbeck Canal in 1900. [53], In a comparison of the federal states, Schleswig-Holstein has the highest student-to-teacher ratio in Germany at around 16.5:1 (national average: 15.2:1). Bismarck alone knew exactly what he wanted, and how to attain it. The autochthonous Germans of the Northern Marches[clarification needed] regarded the new treaty as a betrayal, and refused to give the kiss of peace to their hereditary enemies. The Duke of Augustenborg, a minor scion from another cadet line of the House of Oldenburg, claimed the Duchies, and soon the German Confederation, led by Prussia and Austria, went to the Second Schleswig War with Denmark, quickly defeating it in 1864 and forcing it to cede the duchies. In 1559 through the Final Feud they conquered and subjected the peasant republic of Dithmarschen, partitioning it into three shares. The old Scandinavian sagas, perhaps dating back to the times of the Angles and Jutes give the impression that Jutland has been divided into a northern and a southern part with the border running along the Konge River. Niall Ferguson in Empire quotes Kitchener in 1914: "We haven't an army, and we have taken on the foremost military power in Europe". [55] Six public Universities of Applied Sciences exist in Wedel, Altenholz, Flensburg, Heide, Kiel, and Lbeck. Christian III, John II the Elder and Adolf partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which opposed a factual partition, referring to their indivisibility according to the Treaty of Ribe. [19], The motto of Schleswig-Holstein is "Up ewich ungedeelt" (Middle Low German: "Forever undivided", modern High German: "Auf ewig ungeteilt"). In 1767 Catherine resigned Russia's claims in Schleswig-Holstein, in the name of her son (later Paul I of Russia), who confirmed this action on coming of age in 1773 with the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo. Schleswig and Holstein were thus once more united under the Danish king (Christian VII), who now received all Holstein, but that formally under the Empire. Southern parts of Schleswig had been mortgaged to several German nobles by Duke Henry I, Duke of Schleswig (d. 1375, a son of the former king Valdemar III of Denmark), the last duke of that line. Holstein-Segeberg remained with the Danish king and was also known as Royal Holstein; later it came to be known as Holstein-Glckstadt. For many centuries, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a Duke of Holstein within the Holy Roman Empire. For the following 300 years, Holstein continued to be a part of Saxony. A new mediation attempt was undertaken in 1416 by the Hanseatic League. Instead of incorporating South Jutland with the Danish kingdom, however, he preferred to take advantage of the feeling of the estates in Schleswig and Holstein in favour of union to secure both provinces. After 814, however, the Saxons were restored to Western Holstein. As the events of 1863 threatened to politically divide the two duchies, Prussia was handed a good pretext to engage in war with Denmark to seize Schleswig-Holstein for itself, both by pleasing nationalists in "liberating" Germans from Danish rule, and by implementing the law of the German Confederation. Government business in both duchies was conducted in the German language, even though for a long time they were governed from Copenhagen. Denmark, and Schleswig (as it was a Danish fief), were outside the German Confederation. [1] He thus became as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. However, the duchies were not given to the Duke of Augustenborg. Beginning in 811, the northern border of Holstein (and thus of the Empire) was the River Eider. There on the narrowest part of southern Jutland was established the important transit market (Haithabu, also known as Hedeby, near modern Haddeby), which was protected by the Danevirke fortification. As to the question of annexation Prussia would leave that open, but made it clear that any settlement must involve the complete military subordination of Schleswig-Holstein to herself. The historical, cultural and linguistic situation in the geographical area around the present-day border between Denmark and Germany has been so fluid and complex, that it might be difficult to make a definite pronouncement on an ancestors nationality. The Danes, in spite of every discouragement, never ceased to strive for the preservation and extension of their national traditions and language; the Germans were equally bent on effectually absorbing these recalcitrant Teutons into the general life of the German empire; and to this end the uncertain status of the Danish optants was a useful means. [3] As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with a condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs.
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