Sultan Adam of the Gakhars handed Kamran Mirza over to Humayun. The other two brothers, Hindal and Askari, were weak and shifty tools in the hands of Humayun's opponents. Humayun lost his Mughal territories and left India and move towards Iran to take refuge there under the ruler of Safavid dynastys ruler Shah Tahmashah. Here's what you need to know: 1. Instead of dealing with his enemies firmly one after another, he divided his forces, weakened them and wasted time in merry making. But all the while, Humayun struggled to defend his dominion. [35], Bairam Khan led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed. The Mughal Empire was run by an emperor who had absolute authority. BENGAL The name "Bengal" (or Bangla) comes from Vanga or Banga, the name of the ancient deltaic kingdom. He then sent Kamran Mirza on Hajj, as he hoped to see his brother thereby absolved of his offences. Although this attempt failed, it was a sign of problems to come. Still surrounded by Afghan enemies, the supporters of the Sur dynasty, he had recovered only part of his dominion. He noted how the nobles who had served Askari Mirza quickly flocked to serve him, "in very truth the greater part of the inhabitants of the world are like a flock of sheep, wherever one goes the others immediately follow". He was a prominent Bengali language literary figure in the 20th century. Sher Shah Suris strength was increasing day by day. Badakhshan was a bit like the original territory of the Empire. Mirza Muhammad Hakim, son The emperor wrote verses and encouraged discussion, while Persian became the language of the court. After young Mughal emperor Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. For a change, Humayun was not deceived in the character of the man on whom he has pinned his hopes. Within a month he had captured the forts of Mandu and Champaner. The Moghul Empire. . Having managed to reclaim his kingdom he moved to Agra and began to structure the territory. 1508. what did babur call his 4th son (born in 1519), meaning "take india" hindal. He captured Lahore in February 1555 and then defeated Sikander Sur, the Afghan ruler of the Punjab, at Sirhind, after which he recovered Delhi and Agra. Humayun was born on 27th January 1508. He died three days later on 27th January 1556. 29, 194-95 in Henry Beveridge trans. Humayun's first campaign was to confront Sher Shah Suri. He also received military training and was appointed governor of Badakhashan at the age of 20. He was later adopted by Askari Mirza. When Humayun came to the throne of the Mughal Empire, several of his brothers revolted against him after he split the empire to them . He ruled over the most of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan like an efficient ruler. He lost his troops and his harem on this occasion and had to live only on luck. He forgave them in spite of their illicit controversies against him. The two rulers also struck a bargain in order to save face: Humayun's troops would charge those of Sher Shah whose forces then retreat in feigned fear. If there was a possibility of falling, Humayun was not the man to miss it. Meanwhile Sher Shah Suri was consolidating his power in Bihar and Bengal and was emerging as a powerful ruler. But Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah could not keep his Afghan nobles in check. "[25][non-primary source needed], Humayun decided it would be wise to withdraw still further. Sher Shah Suri was continuously attacking them which forced Humayun to retreat towards west. The state of over 100 million people, Type of Government Encyclopedia of World Biography. But he was not a bitter persecutor and followed no systematic policy of Hindu repression. In 1532, Humayun and Sher Shah Suri clashed on the battlefield. Early Life The conditions of Akbar's birth in Umarkot, Sindh, India on October 15, 1542, gave no indication that he would be a great leader. It was commissioned by his favourite and devoted chief wife, Bega Begum.[41][42][43][44][45][46]. It weakened the strength of his army. "Humayun Three rivals for the throne all marched on Delhi, while in many cities leaders tried to stake a claim for independence. . He was the son of the previous emperor, Babur. He ruled Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530 to 1540. Humayun, while enjoying "his pleasure" in Agra, could only dream of the reconquest of the western kingdoms and the re-establishment of his glory. Humayun was not a very fierce warrior; he had profound respect for the other things in life. With military support from Shah Tahmasp, Humayun proceeded to claim Kandahar and Kabul. He is the great-grandfather of Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal. He began to gather his army together hoping for a rapid and decisive siege of the Mughal capital. He was the second Mughal ruler of territories in the Indian subcontinent along with Pakistan, Afghanistan and parts of Bangladesh. (June 29, 2023). Akbar later asked his paternal aunt, Gulbadan Begum, to write a biography of his father Humayun, the Humayun nameh (or Humayun-nama), and what she remembered of Babur. He died three days later. This considerably weakened Humayuns strength, and to add to his miseries, his own brothers were also plotting against him. Born Nasin-ud-din Muhammad in Kabul, Afghanistan, Humayun was the second Mughal emperor of India. Humayun was soundly defeated. Wife Humayun Ashraf is not married. Unlike other Mughal royal biographies (the Zafarnama of Timur, Baburnama, and his own Akbarnama) no richly illustrated copy has survived, and the work is only known from a single battered and slightly incomplete manuscript, now in the British Library, that emerged in the 1860s. //]]>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993. The meeting of the two emperors is depicted in a famous wall-painting in the Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace in Esfahan. Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun (6 March 1508 - 27 January 1556) was the second Mughal Emperor. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. He remained in exile for fifteen years. Emir Hussein Umrani, ruler of Sindh, welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal to him, just as he had been loyal to Babur against the renegade Arghuns. He was the most famous and popular author, dramatist and filmmaker ever to grace the cultural world of Bangladesh since its independence in 1971. He had ruled only four years, and not all umarah (nobles) viewed Humayun as the rightful ruler. In 1531, Bahadur Shah Zafar overran Malwa and the next year he turned to Mewar. The two brothers took Kabul each twice between 1544 and 1549, the last word coming back to Humyn who made his brother's eyes burst. Born in 1483, Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire. Instead, Kamran approached Sher Shah and proposed that he actually revolt against his brother and side with Sher Shah in return for most of the Punjab. In the battle, 8,000 Moghul troops perished. Humayun left behind a rich legacy for his son, Akbar. In 1532 Humayun besieged him at Chunar but did not capture him. Humayun took advantage of this war and of the growing popular dissatisfaction with Sur rule due to famine, invading India. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Bakshi Banu Begum, daughter. Humayun had to flee, first to Punjab, then to Sindh, the southern region of Pakistan. He was allowed go on Hajj, and died en route in the desert outside Damascus. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. There Shah Tahmasp not only offered him refuge, but also treated him as a royal visitor. Allied Publishers, 1970. His wife made him build a mausoleum in Delhi, on the Mughal model. Humayun's body was buried in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi the first very grand garden tomb in Mughal architecture, setting the precedent later followed by the Taj Mahal and many other Indian monuments. When Humayun crossed the Indus River, Bairam Khan, the most efficient and faithful of his officers, joined him. It was under two Persians, Khwaja Abdus Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, that Indian artists undertook the Dastan-i-Amir-Hamzah, the first great series of paintings in what is now known as the Moghul school of art. Once again Humayun claimed Baburs throne on 23 July 1555. Birth Date: 13 November 1948 Birth Place: Mohongonj, Netrokona Died: July 19, 2012 (aged 63) Death Place: Bellevue Hospital, New York City Occupation: Writer, Professor Genres: Novel, Short-Story, Drama Nationality: Bangladeshi Alma mater: University of Dhaka Spouse (s): Gultekin (divorced), Shaon Religion: Islam Notable award: Ekushey Padak Annette Beveridge published an English translation in 1901,[48] and editions in English and Bengali have been published since 2000. On 23 July 1555, Humayun once again sat on Babur's throne in Delhi. His half-brother Kamran treacherously took the Punjab and the Indus Valley. The Indo-Persian contact, which Humayan stimulated and reinforced, was of far-reaching consequence in the history of Indian civilization. When Kamran was later arrested, Humayun had him blinded and exiled to Mecca. Mughal Emperor Humayun Humayun, born as Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad, was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire. The full title is Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah. He then marched against Bahadur Shah in the west who was pursuing a policy of expansion. The fort of Rohtas, which was built in 15411543 by Sher Shah Suri to crush the Gakhars who were loyal to Humayun, was surrendered without a shot by a treacherous commander. [31] When Humayun's brother, Kamran Mirza, offered to cede Kandahar to the Persians in exchange for Humayun, dead or alive, Tahmasp refused. Jahangir Once again he was emperor of India. He had several siblings, many of his brothers and half - brothers would become his bitter rivals in future. Having no money, he could not give presents to the nobles on this happy occasion. He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. Nuhash Humayun was born on January 1, 1992 in Dhaka, Bangladesh to Humayun Ahmed and Gultekin Khan. In 1533, the new emperor personally laid the foundation stone for a new city in Delhian area rivalled only by Troy. There are many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun. It was in Sindh that a Humayun time was installed, exiled. He further writes, "He was in fact unfortunate Scarcely had he enjoyed his throne for six months in Delhi when he slipped down from the polished steps of his palace and died in his forty-ninth year (Jan. 24, 1556). Here, in the household of a Hindu Rajput nobleman, Humayun's wife Hamida Bano, daughter of a Sindhi family, gave birth to the future Emperor Akbar on 15 October 1542. It should be noted that although he is a Muslim he was neither really practicing nor a preacher, the other religions having been able to practice their cults without any problem. The restoration of Moghul power paved the way for the splendid imperialism of Akbar. To further train his son, the emperor Babur appointed him governor of Badakhashan at the age of 20. Reaching Iran in 1544, Humyn was granted military aid by Shah ahmsp and went on to conquer (in what is now Afghanistan) Kandahr (1545) and to seize Kabul three times from his own disloyal brother, Kmrn, the final time being in 1550. However, his return home had treacherous motives as he intended to stake a claim for Humayun's apparently collapsing empire. Unfortunately, he had no grand strategy. Babur died and Humayun ascended to the throne on 26 December 1530 as the second emperor of the Mughal dynasty. Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance to Humayun were the Leghari, Magsi, Rind and many others. Kamran Mirza was detested as a leader and as Humayun's Persian army approached the city hundreds of the former's troops changed sides, flocking to join Humayun and swelling his ranks. [17] The vast wealth of Bengal was depleted and brought East, giving Sher Shah a substantial war chest. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His own brothers were also conspiring against him. [citation needed], When Kamran returned to Lahore, Humayun, with his other brothers Askari and Hindal, marched to meet Sher Shah 200 kilometres (120mi) east of Agra at the battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540. . Like his father, Babur, he lost his kingdom early, but with Persian aid, he eventually regained an even larger one. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/humayun, "Humayun He tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it. To increase the glory of his court, he heightened its ceremonial aspects, rituals meant to attract learned and pious men from adjacent countries. Early reign Babur celebrates the birth of Humayun in the Charbagh of Kabul. The Gakhars were one of the minority of tribal groups who had consistently remained loyal to their oath to the Mughals. However, the baby soon died and Humayun thought himself strong enough to assume power. In December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. So, instead of killing Kamran Mirza, Humayun had him blinded,[32] thereby ending any claim by the latter to the throne. Largest Compilation of Structured Essays and Exams, December 2, 2017 by Study Mentor Leave a Comment. First, he should never have divided his kingdom among his treacherous brothers. Delhi's founding gave notice to the Muslim world that here was the capital of a new liberal empire where philosophers and poets of any Islamic sect would be welcome. Jahangir Encyclopedia.com. [citation needed], After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to welcome the invading army as it made its way to the capital. Humayun fled to Persia with his wife and a few companions. During this time, Humayun selected sites for several observatories. He had several siblings. New Delhi: The Mughal Empire controlled most of Northern India from the 16th to the 18th century. [47] She was only eight when Babur died, and was married at 17, and her work is in simple Persian style. The two half-brothers would become bitter rivals. Humyn was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library. This was to become an entrenched battle in which both sides spent a lot of time digging themselves into positions. [13], In 1535 Humayun was made aware that the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on the Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid. He learned Turki, Arabic, and Persian and was interested in mathematics, philosophy, and astrology. In 1530, while on his deathbed at Agra, Babur named Humayan his successor. Its sandstone gates, both massive and ornate, are thought to have exerted a profound influence on Mughal military architecture. Tahmasp urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam in order to keep himself and several hundred followers alive. The Battle of Chausa took place between Suri and Humayun in 1939. He now appointed Akbar, his young son and heir apparent, governor of Punjab and assigned Akbar's private tutor, Bairam Khan, to assist him. Encyclopedia of India. Shah Tahmashah not only welcomed him but treated him as a royal visitor. In many accounts Humayun mentions how he and his pregnant wife had to trace their steps through the desert at the hottest time of year. Quickly after his accession, Humayun gained various enemies like Bahadur Shah of Gujarat,. The second Moghul emperor, Humayun (1508-1556) lost and regained his kingdom to continue Moghul rule at the expense of Muslim rule in India. He later on married Hamida Bano and had Akbar with her who later on became the ruler of Mughals. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Humayun&oldid=1094929, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, First battle of Panipat - Second battle of Panipat - Third battle of Panipat, Ibrahim Lodhi - Sher Shah Suri - Hemu - Shivaji -. Humayun had several wives and concubines, the most notable ones being Hamida Banu Begum, Mah Chuchak Begum, Bibi Gunwar Begum, Khanish Aghacha, Shaham Aghacha, and Maywa Jan Aghacha. Thus with Persian help and Bairam Khan's support, Humayun was in a position to capture lost provinces. Ab al-Fazl ibn Mubrak and Henry Beveridge. When Hamida Bano's horse died, no one would lend the Queen (who was now eight months pregnant) a horse, so Humayun did so himself, resulting in him riding a camel for six kilometres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him his mount. At the time of his death, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometers. After becoming the Mughal emperor once again, he embarked on a series of military campaigns to extend his reign over areas in eastern and western India. Compelled to quit the battlefield, Humayun fled to Agra. Shortly after the birth, Humayun and his party left Amarkot for Sindh, leaving Akbar behind, who was not ready for the grueling journey ahead in his infancy. By suc, Gujarat He brokered a deal with Hindal providing that his brother would cease all acts of disloyalty[18] in return for a share in the new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed. He belonged to Mughal dynasty and was the ruler of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northeastern part of India from 1530-1540 and again from 1555-1556. Humayun had several siblings who turned out to be his rivals for the throne in later years. 29 Jun. Among the first six Great Moghuls, the image of Humayun is that of the nonentity, the one obvious failure. A. Mughal B. Nanda C. Maurya D. Haryanka Answer 4. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Humayun was the son of Babur who was the founder of Mughal Dynasty. While on his way to conquer Sindh with the help of Rana Virsala, a Hindu ruler, Humayan received the happy news of the birth of his son Akbar. At the time of Babur's death, Kamran treacherously took the Punjab and the Indus Valley. He was a descendant of Timur. (enemies in hindustan at the time did not have these) During the initial years of his reign, both his major rivals extended their territories. When he reached Sirhind, Humayun sent an ambassador carrying the message "I have left you the whole of Hindustan [i.e. The third emperor, Akbar (15421605), instituted the mansabdar, ivaj Humayun became the emperor of the Mughal dynasty in 1530 and served till 1556 (15 years exile in between). The Emperor commenced construction of a tomb for his brother in 1538, but this was not yet finished when he was forced to flee to Persia. Humayun was known for his peaceful personality thats why he was given the title of Insaan-i-kamil which means perfect man. In 1552 Kamran Mirza attempted to make a pact with Islam Shah, Sher Shah's successor, but was apprehended by a Gakhar. gaining a decisive victory over the Afghans, he drove out Sultan Mahmud Lodi from Jaunpur. . In 1540 he reformed a new army and resumed the leadership of Bihar to fight Sher Shh Sr who eventually created a kingdom over the north-east of India, but the battle that began was lost (1540, Kanauj) . One day when he was descending the staircase of his library with his arms full of books, on hearing the azaan he tried to kneel but tripped and fell. His full name was Nasiruddin Mohammad Humayun. Humayun. Following Chausa, the Muslim Sher Shah drove the Moghul Humayun to the west, defeating him again at Kanauj on the Ganges River in April 1540. Humayun won the battle and captured Chunar. Amad Nim al-Dn, Brajendranath De, and Baini Prashad. Gulbadan took it upon himself to produce the document and it was titled, Humayun Badshah Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah which came to be known as Humayunnama in short. Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). En route to the Emir's court, Humayun had to break journey because his pregnant wife Hamida was unable to travel further. With so much going on Humayun did not even meet Tahmasp until July, some six months after the former's arrival in Persia. 1583 C. 1693 D. 1783 Answer 2. Born Nasin-ud-din Muhammad in Kabul, Afghanistan, Humayun was the second Mughal emperor of India. In one significant battle, Humayan defeated Hamid Khan, an Afghan chief. His son was Akbar, one of the most famous emperors in Mughal history. He received his training in warfare skills from his childhood and was appointed governor of Badakhashan at the age of 20. Sunni Islam. A Sur Afghan, Sher Shah, leader of the Afghan resistance to the Mughals, controlled Bihar. 1483 B. Humayun sought refuge with the Hindu ruler of the oasis town of Amarkot (now part of Sindh province).[26]. Since Humayun had not had time to introduce reforms, it was now left to his 13-year-old son Akbar to fulfil his intentions, building an enduring administrative edifice on Babur, Sher Shah, and Humayan's foundations. In the end, there was no actual siege. Humayun once again not only pardoned his brothers for plotting against him, but even forgave Hindal for his outright betrayal. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Humayun marched against Bahadur Shah and easily defeated his forces. Third, on reaching Gaur, Humayun had wasted more than eight months during which Sher Shah occupied the country from Teliagarhi to Kanauj. Encyclopedia.com. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [13][pageneeded][22] Humayun was assisted across the Ganges by Shams al-Din Muhammad. It is at this moment that Humayyun worries about the eastern part of his Empire, nibbled by this former ally. But, on January 24, 1556, in pious response to the sacred call of the muazzin for evening prayer, Humayun, while hurriedly descending from his library in Delhi, stumbled down the stairs. Bahdur Shah of Gujarat, encouraged by Afghan and Mughal migrs, challenged the Mughals in Rajasthan, and, although Humyn occupied Gujarat in 1535, the danger there ended only with Bahdurs death in 1537. At the head of this army he first took the direction of Kandahar, then Kabul, in the hands of his brother Kmran. Then begins the reconquest of the Mughal Empire, battle after battle: 1554 (Peshawar), 1555 (Lahore, then Dipalpur and finally Macchi Bhawan). Thus honour would, supposedly, be satisfied. Indeed, earlier, when Babur had become ill, some of the nobles had tried to install his Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler. During the reign of the latter a battle was fought and lost by the Emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka, in Mewat, on which, however, Islam Shah did not loose his hold. The stores of grain at Gauri, the largest in the empire, were emptied, and Humayun arrived to see corpses littering the roads. She also bore the title of Padshah Begum during the reign of Akbar. Even though Humayan had been trained as an administrator and a warrior, he could not keep pace with the rapidly changing political events in northern India. This was a serious threat to the entire family, but Humayun and Kamran squabbled over how to proceed. Humayun had brought about his own downfall. Gujar, Muslims Humayun was the son of Babur who was the founder of Mughal Dynasty. Kabul was the capital of the empire of Humayun's brother Kamran, who was far from willing to hand over any of his territories to his brother. Humayun lost Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri, but regained them 15 years later with Safavid aid. Although under that system only a Chingissid could claim sovereignty and Khanal authority, any male Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right to the throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry). Watch CBS News U.S. What you need to know about Humayun Khan By Christina Capatides August 1, 2016 / 7:08 PM / CBS News 1. [27], Once again Humayun turned toward Kandahar where his brother Kamran Mirza was in power, but he received no help and had to seek refuge with the Shah of Persia[28], Humayun fled to the refuge of the Safavid Empire in Persia, marching with 40 men, his wife Bega Begum,[30] and her companion through mountains and valleys. When the Afghans followed him, the emperor abandoned the city and hurried west to Lahore. However, the date of retrieval is often important. That very night, his army approached the Mughal camp and finding the Mughal troops unprepared with a majority asleep, they advanced and killed most of them. It is also south of Ferghana, the original kingdom of the dynasty, and east of Kabul, a city that served as a rear base for the conquests of Babur and which represents the starting point of the dynasty. Goujerat is the most northern region of the west coast of India, bordering Pakistan. A billionaire father and son duo, a wealthy explorer, a diver with decades of experience and the founder of the company leading a submersible voyage to explore the Titanic are presumed dead after . Humyn, also called Nir al-Dn Muammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire. Also, his wife Hamida hailed from Sindh; she was the daughter of a prestigious pir family (a pir is an Islamic religious guide) of Persian heritage long settled in Sindh. "[38], Humayun ordered the crushing by elephant of an imam he mistakenly believed to be critical of his reign. Humayun's second reign lasted only seven months. The major part of the Mughal army, the artillery, was now immobile, and Humayun decided to engage in some diplomacy using Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Routledge, 1986. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"j4DAc5d9s1F1swsweXnMoCWVCsrsZF9dGsDleGwfY28-86400-0"}; In his memory, his Begum expressed the commissioning of Humayun Tomb, a memorial to his death. He then leaves for the second rebel home, Bihar, in the east of the country, near Bengal. That same year, Sher Khan invaded and captured Bengal. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [39], On 24 January 1556, Humayun, with his arms full of books, was descending the staircase from his library Sher Mandal when the muezzin announced the Azaan (the call to prayer). Humayun was born on 17 March 1508, in Kabul, Mughal Empire (present-day Afghanistan), to Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty and his wife Maham Begum. After months of preparations of war, the Afghans annexed Banaras and went forward to snatch Jaunpur.
What Is The Pairing Arrangement Of The Nitrogenous Bases,
Icd 10 Code For Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Bilateral,
Why Won't The Demolitionist Respawn,
Articles W
when was humayun born
