The coaches must Sport coverage. Ten articles showed moderate quality and the remaining studies were rated as high quality (see Table2). Leaping ability and body composition in rhythmic gymnasts for talent identification. (2018). However, given the similarly crucial role of sport-specific technical skills in many sports, this generalization and transfer appears legitimate at least for proposing hypotheses that need to be tested. Each assessment methods level of evidence represents the empirical evidence confirming (+) or rejecting () this methods capability to discriminate groups of different skill/performance levels, explain past performance and/or predict future performance. Talent identification and development (TID) programs aim to identify players with the greatest potential for long-term success. While this fact, on the one hand, emphasizes the crucial role of sport-specific technical skills in performance and talent, on the other hand, these results may have been affected by a publication bias. Other skills such as successful passes, on-target shots, crosses and clearances did not differ by playing status [84]. (2018). As the understanding of the underlying relationships is limited to date, further research should examine a range of variables across different sports and their connection to talent and performance. Indeed, the growing complexity of processes impacting talentID are highly unpredictable and it will never be possible to consider this phenomenon as an exact science. The literature search and data collection were performed by Till Koopmann. No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. 2). Improving Talent Identification Through Analysis and Consideration of Biological and Relative Age. Skill acquisition in sport: research, theory and practice. Abstract. Additionally, only two studies investigated athletes younger than 10years of age, with the rest focusing on athletes between 10 and 18years of age, which highlights the lack of knowledge in samples under the age of 10years, despite the prevalence of TID activities (especially talent selection) in this age group. School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia, School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Australia, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands, Editorial on the Research Topic Talent Identification and Development in Sports Performance. Front. Other research suggests the assessment of sport-specific technical skills is an important element of effective TID. Gabbett T, Georgieff B. [103] examined dribbling skills in sub-elite players in soccer by conducting a 3D motion analysis during a slalom dribbling test. This review aims to provide an overview on both the instruments used to assess sport-specific technical skills and their discriminatory, explanatory and/or predictive findings in the context of TID. Accordingly, they should be investigated to further extend existing approaches and develop new tools for the technique-related assessment of sport-specific technical skills, particularly given the advancements in technologies associated with sports biomechanics and match analysis. 1 Citations Abstract The sustainable success of associations and clubs in sport is based on effective talent promotion. Sports Active Living 2:573890. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.573890, Koz, D., Fraser-Thomas, J., and Baker, J. Measurement of talent in volleyball: 15-month follow-up of elite adolescent players. Can genetic testing identify talent for sport? The remaining studies included swimming (n=3), field hockey (n=2), rhythmic gymnastics (n=2), water polo (n=2), handball (n=2), tennis (n=2), rugby (n=1), basketball (n=1) and baseball (n=1). Keller BS, Raynor AJ, Bruce L, Iredale F. Technical attributes of Australian youth soccer players: implications for talent identification. The studies used a range of terminologies to describe the skill/performance level (e.g., non-talented vs. talented, novice vs. expert, non-elite vs. elite). Chapter 13: how similarities and differences between sports lead to talent transfer: a process approach, in Talent Identification and Development in Sport: International Perspectives 2nd edition, eds J. Baker, S. Cobley, and J. Schorer (London: Routledge). Glazier [25] suggests that sports biomechanicswith its valid and reliable electromyographic, kinematic and kinetic datacould make valuable contributions to TID by advancing a more process-focused approach to gain a better understanding of the underlying patterns of coordination and control (i.e., technical skills) in more ecologically valid, sport-specific situations. Beyond the blank slate: routes to learning new coordination patterns depend on the intrinsic dynamics of the learnerexperimental evidence and theoretical model. 29 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.729167, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Third, there might be reliable and valid assessment methods for technical skills in practice, but no studies checked for their scientific and practical value in TID so far and thus, they were not integrated into our review. While the assessment of anthropometrical and physical/physiological variables is understandable given their undeniable importance in many sports as well as their rather simple, proven and convenient assessment methods, the focus on these factors and the neglect of other determinants appears striking and leaves great potential untapped. Our results show there are only a few studies assessing sport-specific technical skills based on technique-related method types and/or competition method set-ups. (2015). Talent identification and development in male football: a systematic review. Cripps AJ, Joyce C, Woods CT, Hopper LS. Zibung M, Zuber C, Conzelmann A. ; Arede et al. WebThe question of what constitutes talent in sports and how it can be strategically managed is a matter of concern which expands the knowledge and understanding of Talent The overall quality of studies included in this review was moderate to high. The assessment methods generally followed an outcome-related method type within an experimental method set-up. ), growth, maturation, training age, or to distinguish among these constructs effectively (Lloyd et al., 2014; Arede et al., 2021). Future studies should apply a more differentiated system and consider evaluating the reciprocal effects of ecological validity and controlling variables in an experimental set-up. More than half of the studies (54%) analyzed samples in soccer, while only three other sports were investigated more than twice (7Australian Football, 4volleyball and 3swimming). Another promising avenue for information on sport-specific technical skills is competition performance data (e.g., goals scored or successful passes). Chronological age vs. biological maturation: implications for exercise programming in youth. The development of human and technological resources, mostly visible in several sports sciences (from psychology to nutrition, from physiology to biomechanics, through motor learning or pedagogy), plays a key role and responds to the question posed by Epstein (2004). In this sense, this issued privileged (a) longitudinal (Post et al. In this context, an athlete showing inferiority in one skill area might be able to make up for it with superior skill in another area, as the skill requirements vary across different positions. The researchers found differences between players with slower and faster dribbling test times for the foot-ball cadence, the mediolateral and vertical center of mass range of motion, the right stride cadence as well as the hip and the knee flexion range of motions. On the other hand, the number of shots made in this throwing task is considered as an outcome-related assessment of throwing skill. The modern-day landscape of Olympic and Professional sport is arguably more competitive than ever. Living 3:729167. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.729167. Gagn F. Transforming gifts into talents: the DMGT as a developmental theory. Sixth, looking at the distribution of sports assessed in the included articles, there is a range of sports with very different performance and skill requirements as represented by team-ball-sports like Australian Football, racquet sports like tennis or individual sports like swimming. Front. J. Med. doi: 10.1111/sms.13819, Claudino, J. G., Capanema, D. O., Souza, de Serro, T. V., Machado Pereira, J. C., and Nassis, A. C. G. P. (2019). The findings described above emphasize the crucial role of sport-specific technical skills in sports performance and accordingly in TID. As TID decisions in young age groups are often based on singular talent scouting events or camps, a large number of factors (e.g., deciding coach/scout, athlete performance, opponent performance) have to coincide for young players to be selected into a TID program [15, 16], where they can further develop their skills benefiting from the systems multifaceted resources (e.g., personal, organizational, financial). That is, some studies lacked crucial information on their sample (e.g., year the study was conducted or participants sex), gave no information on effect sizes and/or did not provide a sufficient discussion of their studies limitations or their findings generalizability. Epstein, D. (2004). He emphasizes the crucial roles of both control (i.e., absolute motion of a single body segment) and coordination (i.e., relative motion of body segments) in the execution and the analysis of movements. Talent identification is the first step in the progression Wilson RS, David GK, Murphy SC, Angilletta MJ, Jr, Niehaus AC, Hunter AH, et al. Seventeen studies did not provide information on the participants sex. French KE, Spurgeon JH, Nevett ME. In using such methods, coaches are better able to perform talent identification, selection and development [2, 12]. The development of a standardized skill assessment for junior volleyball players. Almost two-thirds of the studies (n=38) were from European countries; while the rest were conducted in Australia (n=11), Brazil (n=4), Israel (n=3), Tunisia (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and the USA (n=1). Research tells us that successful Although volumes of high-intensity running are not considered technical skills, the latter are probably also affected by maturity and relative age effects. Match and training injuries in womens rugby union: a systematic review of published studies. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, 12/23. The use of small-sided games to assess skill proficiency in youth soccer players: a talent identification tool. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. among others to the talent identification process, relatively few of them, have considered the potential interactions among these variables, especially, the between contextual and socioeconomic factors on nurturing talent regardless of age-related issues or communities' size (Leite et al.). Furthermore, biomechanical assessment of technical skills in an experimental method set-up could be connected with research on perception (e.g., quiet eye via eye tracking), as previous research has suggested that perception plays an important role in the execution of technical skills (e.g., advanced cues) [109, 110]; its inclusion would certainly increase the methods ecological validity and representativeness. Sports Physiol. [12] recently presented their starting point for a conceptualization of talent in sport. Despite the significant expansion in sports talent identification and development research, specific sports have not been addressed individually, including widely practiced sports such as football. Here, for example, time-discrete kinematic variables (e.g., description of arm motion) could be used to identify associations with outcome variables (e.g., ball speed). In: Ericsson KA, Hoffman R, Kozbelt A, Williams M, editors. Florida Panthers. Clin. These findings can be used by scientists to develop innovative study designs potentially providing new insights into TID, as well as by administrators and coaches to improve selection procedures and decision-making in TID contexts. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01056-2, Jackson, R. C., and Comber, G. J. Its clear that the Los Angeles roster has talent, but another year sans The gap between science and practice: A conversation. WebTalent identification is concerned with two aspects of elite sport development: first talent identification, and second talent development. Perhaps it is time to look the other way, better understand why some athletes fail to achieve these performance levels and consequently improve the process further and lose fewer athletes (Williams and MacNamara, 2020). Although the increase in early TID is likely the result of several factors (e.g., increased professionalization of elite sport, greater focus on organized sport during childhood), this process is also supported by research highlighting the value of deliberate practice as an essential element of long-term development [2, 3] as well as by studies suggesting the 5-year period before pubertal growth is a sensitive period for the acquisition of motor skills [46]. Front. In summary, those authors emphasize the importance of population or sample as well as skill and method selection. Key success factors for merging sport science and best practice. Growth, maturation, functional capacities and sport-specific skills in 1213year-old-basketball players. Here, quantitative data could be combined with qualitative data (e.g., interviews targeting important variables/factors) to complete the profile using a mixed methods approach. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.03003, Arede, J., Cumming, S., Johnson, D., and Leite, N. (2021). or contextual factors (Uehara et al.) Submit an article Journal homepage. Collectively, the lack of information in many contexts (females, sports other than soccer, countries outside Europe, etc. The dataset included information on authors names, the journal and publication year, the samples country of origin, the sample size, the sport investigated, the samples performance level and the respective terminology applied, the participants age and sex, the applied assessment methods (including the method type and the method set-up, see Sect. Discussing Gagns model in combination with other work and concepts in the field, Baker et al. Fernandez, J., and Bornn, L. (2018). Journal of Sports Sciences Latest Articles. Copyright 2021 Leite, Calvo, Cumming, Gonalves and Calleja-Gonzalez. Int. A significant body of scientific research discusses longitudinal and non-linear talent identification and development processes, the qualities that underpin elite performance in sport, and how coaches could facilitate talented athletes' development through the sports system (Baker et al., 2020). The lack of consensus in talent definition can lead to extreme positions and heterogeneous positioning among practitioners, coaches, scouts, sports scientists, athletes, and scientific community members (Kravariti and Johnston, 2019). That is, the authors see a superb skill or performance as a consequence of talent and not as the talent itself, further specifying talent as innate (i.e., originating in biological elements present at birth), multi-dimensional (i.e., consisting of capacities from a range of broad cognitive, physical, and psychological categories), emergenic (i.e., involving interactions among factors that combine multiplicatively), dynamic (i.e., evolving across developmental time due to interactions with environments and random gene expression) and symbiotic (i.e., cultural and social factors will determine the ultimate value of an individuals talent) [12]. The few studies analyzing sport-specific technical skills with competition performance data (i.e., applying an outcome-related method type and a competition method set-up) found contested possessions/marks and inside 50s to be associated with better draft selection in Australian Football [92, 94]; while, number of dribbles or tackles/blocks/interceptions, dribbling speed and (un-)successful ball retentions were able to discriminate elite from sub-elite or selected from unselected players in soccer [84, 89]. In the end, 59 relevant studies were identified and evaluated. Int. 38, 13521358. 2). The Sports Gene: Talent, Practice and the Truth About Success. Skill not athleticism predicts individual variation in match performance of soccer players. Although researchers often dispute the merits of talent as a concept (c.f., Howe, 1998; Baker and Wattie, 2018 ), the reality of working in sport is that talent identification and selection are often necessary due to limited resources available (e.g., financial, personnel, and facilities). Athletes Podium Pathways Vaeyens R, Gllich A, Warr CR, Philippaerts R. Talent identification and promotion programmes of Olympic athletes. Front. [44] and French et al. Elferink-Gemser MT, Jordet G, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Visscher C. The marvels of elite sports: how to get there? Accuracy of professional sports drafts in predicting career potential. To do this, inevitably, there must first be a clear consensus among researchers to establish who is considered a talented athlete. We also found a strong overrepresentation of studies assessing cross-sectional data (75%) in soccer (53%) in male samples (74% of studies reporting subjects sex) from European countries (64%). Most research in this area focuses on the successful athlete, ignoring that athletes will not be successful. The vast majority (n=44) of studies used cross-sectional observations with 14 studies using a longitudinal design and one study applying a quasi-longitudinal approach [43]. 2015;137(2). However, there are many open questions regarding TID in young and developing players as indicated by the limited predictive value and questionable validity of TID programs in general [710]. Therefore, the criticism of this gap between science and practice is certainly understood as fair (Sandbakk, 2018; Haugen, 2019). Validation of the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test in young soccer players. Thus, all this body of scientific knowledge may be incorporated into the performance analysis scope, instigating new questions about the dynamical parameters of performance and potentially opening new windows of opportunity. [59] state that the high skill level in both groups (elite and sub-elite) probably led to similar results in the technical skills assessment in rhythmic gymnastics. Hicks JL, Uchida TK, Seth A, Rajagopal A, Delp SL. Woods TE, Raynor JA, Bruce L, McDonald Z. In addition, the combination of assessment methods seems to offer a useful and more ecologically valid source of information for TID. Sci. doi: 10.1080/02640410903110974, Williams, G., and MacNamara, . In this regard, progress in research, specifically in social epigenetics (Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya, 2015; Pickering et al., 2019), should offer relevant contributions in the coming years. A proposed conceptualization of talent in sport: the first step in a long and winding road. Dribbling speed along curved paths predicts attacking performance in match-realistic one vs. one soccer games. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review, CS cross-sectional study design, LT longitudinal study design, ? Knutzen KM, Martin LA. Based on definitions for fundamental The use of skill tests to predict status in junior Australian football. Thus, the results of the present review are most valid for TID in soccer and should be generalized and transferred to other sports with caution. Daniel Fortin-Guichard a School of Psychology, Universit Laval. 3.3 for details), and their findings in the context of TID research. In recent years, TID programs have grown in popularity and are seen as critical avenues to maximize athletes potential to achieve success [ 2, 3 ]. Silva CE, Carvalho HM, Gonalves CE, Figueiredo AJ, Elferink-Gemser MT, Philippaerts RM, et al. In: Proceedings 13th ITTF Sports Science Congress 2013. p. 1548. Under the vast majority of contemporary sports systems, participants are categorized into annual age groups to reduce the developmental differences during childhood and adolescence. On the one hand, our findings demonstrate the great capability of sport-specific technical skills assessments to discriminate different performance levels and predict future performance in TID activities. ; Ribeiro-Junior et al.). Lidor R, Falk B, Arnon M, Cohen Y, Segal G, Lander Y. Silva AJ, Costa AM, Oliveira PM, Reis VM, Saavedra J, Perl J, et al. WebThe authors found that the policies and practices behind disability sport have converged with mainstream sports. Sports Sci. In one of the few studies following this approach, Zago et al. J. Appl. Till Koopmann, Irene Faber, Joseph Baker, and Jrg Schorer declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). During the selection process, regardless of whether it is based on a singular event or a more longitudinal talent analysis, the sport-specific skill or performance level plays a crucial role and is dependent on the correct range of social, anthropometrical and physical/physiological factors as well as cognitive/psychological, tactical and technical skills [17, 18]. biomechanical assessments in performance contexts) appears methodologically challenging. Living, 24 November 2021, View all Our results showed the studies focused on outcome-related method types and experimental method set-ups, highlighting the outcome-focus and limited ecological validity and task representativeness of common assessment methods [25, 99]. 4.5. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13062.80961, Sandbakk, . 11:664. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00664, Vaeyens, R., Gllich, A., Warr, C. R., and Philippaerts, R. (2009). J. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1521769, Dubois, R., Bru, N., Paillard, T., Le Cunuder, A., Lyons, M., Maurelli, O., et al. Dwan K, Gamble C, Williamson PR, Kirkham JJ. the Downs and Black checklist [42]). To what extent all these evolving technologies have affected talent identification and development, and the selection process still requires much broader and deeper investigation. Indeed, as the advancement of knowledge across multiple disciplines allows for greater depth of understanding about talentID, it also helps applied knowledge of impacts at a practical level in the athlete's day-to-day life. The quality check resulted in an average quality score of 14.42 (0.99) for all articles with the lowest scoring articles receiving scores of 12 and the best quality article having a perfect score of 16. Previous research has been largely focused on the assessment of anthropometrical (e.g., height, wingspan) and physical/physiological performances (e.g., endurance, speed, agility, strength) which can be strongly influenced by differences in maturation and growth processes as well as different learning rates (e.g., leading to relative age effects [1922]), emphasizing the dynamic and individual nature of both performance and talent. 9:188. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00188, Stricker, G., and Goldfried, M. R. (2019). Yet it can be argued that the continued interest in talent identification and development reflects the persistently low predictive value of applied and theoretical talent identification models (Till and Baker, 2020). ), paralympic sport (Dehghansai et al. Thus, there is no clear tendency for a specific method type and set-up combination to be inferior. Examining the reference lists of those papers resulted in eight additional articles. King D, Hume P, Cummins C, Pearce A, Clark T, Foskett A, et al. Gamecast; Tickets. Ali A. J. Elferink-Gemser MT, Visscher C, Lemmink KA, Mulder T. Multidimensional performance characteristics and standard of performance in talented youth field hockey players: a longitudinal study. Springer. Globally, talentID Research Topic combined empirical research and theoretical models that contribute to advancing knowledge related to sports performance, specifically concerning its role in talent identification and proper development. Sports Sci. Training and coaching: assessment of team formation efficacy, tactical planning, player injury modelling. Indeed, the maturity variability that may Second, our findings are likely influenced by an already discussed (see Sect. Results: In line with earlier research, the results showed that the coaches considered the technical, tactical, and mental factors as the most important in talent identification. Talent identification and acquisition: player recruitment, player performance measurement, biomechanics. Advances in data processing and analysis and the capacity to collect such data contribute to our understanding of what talent is and the process of identifying and developing it. Of the 59 studies, most applied experimental methods (n=48) with only eight using competition measures; the remaining three studies used a combination of both assessment methods [77]. ABSTRACT. Sports Physiol. Accuracy of professional sports drafts in predicting career potential. Huijgen BC, Elferink-Gemser MT, Post WJ, Visscher C. Soccer skill development in professionals. Sports Act. 0 Altmetric Sport and Exercise Psychology. Mann DT, Williams AM, Ward P, Janelle CM. Kostrubiec V, Fuchs A, Kelso J. After independent rating, the two researchers (IF, TK) reached a sufficient agreement rate of 96% before differences were discussed and a consensus was reached for all items. Accordingly, future studies could complement our findings by integrating searches and articles in other languages. [101, 102]); however, the lack of research exploring technical skills in other sports was somewhat surprising. The potential of these methods is discussed in greater depth in Sect. Conflicting results (<2:1 ratio) between studies finding (no) discriminatory, explanatory and/or predictive effects, One study of high OR two studies of moderate quality find (no) discriminatory, explanatory and/or predictive effects, Two studies of high OR three studies of moderate quality find (no) discriminatory, explanatory and/or predictive effects, At least three studies of high OR at least five studies of moderate quality find (no) discriminatory, explanatory and/or predictive effects, Technical skills discriminate players from different performance levels, Technical skills discriminate selected from unselected players, Straight dribbling, slalom dribbling+dual task, Attempted/completed dribbles, passes, touches, shots, and Total actions, Coach evaluation of handballing and kicking, Technical skills discriminate non- vs. talent-identified players, Slalom dribbling, skill index (slalom dribbling/slalom sprinting without ball), Technical skills discriminate dropouts from club players in specific age groups, Straight swimming, straight dribbling, slalom dribbling, dual task condition, Technical skills did not discriminate players from different performance levels, Technical skills are significantly correlated with rankings, Technical skills correlate with winning in SSGs, Ball control, dribbling, shooting, passing, Shooting, passing, dribbling, defensive movement, Technical skills discriminate different performance levels, Slalom dribbling, ball control, passing, shooting, Slalom dribbling, ball control/passing, shooting, Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing test, shooting, slalom dribbling, Technical skills help with performance prediction, Ball throwing velocity, slalom dribbling, triangle defense, Kicking ball speed, passing, in-game technical action, Technical skills did not discriminate starting from non-starting players, Kinematic analysis of kicking, slalom dribbling, Sprint-Keeper test (S-Keeper), Lateral Shuffle-Keeper test (LS-Keeper), Frequencies of successful passes, on-target shots, dribbles, crosses, clearances, tackles/blocks/interceptions, Semi qualitative swimming technical evaluation, Technical skills can help with performance prediction.
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importance of talent identification in sports
