[4] The bodies of 2,111 Union and Confederate dead within a 35-mile (56km) radius of the city of Washington, D.C., were collected. NOT LURED BY AMBITION [108] As of November 1914, a total of $56,262 ($1,643,748 in 2022 dollars) had been raised for the memorial. Arlington National Cemetery. He succumbed to the measles. Arlington National Cemetery is a U.S. military cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C. Ezekiel, Wright, and Hickey all played major roles in creating the Confederate section and bringing the memorial into being, but it is less clear why Marmaduke warranted burial at the foot of the memorial (although his notable war service may have justified it). Furthermore, the ACMA's decision to allow the UDC to support the monument project was made in November 1906, and UDC completely took over the project in June 1907. Keith Gibson, executive director of the VMI museum system, says the Confederate Memorial is a "superb example of Ezekiel's style and imagery", and one of the artist's most significant works. Why are Confederate soldiers buried in a circle at Arlington? [109] But the $40,000 ($1,168,638 in 2022 dollars) budgeted for design and casting of the monument fell short of the actual cost. 1191 split off in May 1899 in protest against the way Camp 171 was being operated. [8] In 1868, when families asked to lay flowers on Confederate graves on Decoration Day (now known as Memorial Day), Meigs ordered that the families be barred from the cemetery. [63], Taft's letter was made public by Rep. Williams at Confederate Memorial Day ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery on June 4, 1906. It was unveiled by President Woodrow Wilson on June 4, 1914 (the 106th anniversary of the birth of Jefferson Davis, the President of the Confederate States of America). ", Hart, Scott. [22] The tops of these markers were pointed, to make the Confederate graves stand out from Union ones (not, as legend would have it, so that Northerners would not sit on them and desecrate them). 17 in Galveston, Texas, and chair of the UDC committee which awarded the organization's Southern Cross of Honor)[h] to meet with representatives from the ACMA's founding organizations and reorganize the association. [g] On June 19, 1907, Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson, President-General of the UDC, asked the ACMA to delegate its functions to the UDC, with the UDC and Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) retaining certain powers to themselves. [121] The Confederate Memorial was finally complete in November 1913, and shipped to the United States via a Hamburg America ocean liner in early 1914. [172] President Warren G. Harding spoke at the first Confederate Memorial Day event of his presidency in 1922,[173] but did not attend in 1923. Four notable burials occurred at the compass points of the Confederate Memorial, and stand out from the rest of the graves nearby for not being part of the concentric circles of burials. With the assistance of Representative James Luther Slayden of San Antonio, Texas,[124] the ACMA had contracted with a Texas firm to provide the granite for the memorial's base. [159], As of November 2013, the Confederate Memorial remains one of three sites at Arlington National Cemetery mentioned by name in the Code of Federal Regulations where public memorial services may be conducted. [143] The figure's left hand extends a laurel wreath toward the south[47][142][146][131] in acknowledgment of the sacrifices made by the South's men in arms[47][143] and as a symbol of the past. [70] Sources vary as to who was on the design committee. Furthermore, the UDC agreed to donate $1,500 ($48,856 in 2022 dollars) annually beginning in 1907 until the memorial was finished. The Rev. [164], Burials in the Confederate section continued after the Confederate Memorial was completed. The Confederate dead were reburied on 3.5 acres (14,000 m 2) of ground on the west side of Arlington National Cemetery. His participation was almost derailed, however, when Wilson decided against attending the Grand Army of the Republic's Memorial Day ceremonies. Commentary By Editorial Board - The Washington Times - Tuesday, May 30, 2023 OPINION: In the midst of the Black Lives Matter movement sparked in 2020 by the murder of George Floyd, Congress. Cox argues it was the lack of funds which led the ACMA to turn over its work to the UDC. Cox, "The Confederate Monument at Arlington", p. 155. ", "Confederate Veterans, at Arlington Rites, Hear Leader and Sen. Hill Assail Hitler. [157] Instead, Obama sent a wreath not only to the Confederate Memorial but also instituted a new tradition of sending a presidential wreath to the African American Civil War Memorial in Washington, D.C.[205]. A representative chosen from the board of directors served as its vice-chairman, and five other members of the board of directors served as members of the executive board. Bush. Technically, the few hundred Confederate soldiers from the Civil War should not be buried in Arlington National Cemetery, per army burial regulations. These are the graves of Moses Ezekiel, Lieutenant Harry C. Marmaduke, Captain John M. Hickey, and Brigadier General Marcus J. See: Herbert, p. 17; United Daughters of the Confederacy, Ezekiel appears to have increased the number of life-size figures to 32 some time after February 1912, as media reports at the time still had the number of figures at 15. Technically, the few hundred Confederate soldiers from the Civil War should not be buried in Arlington National Cemetery, per army burial regulations. [114], As the date for the cornerstone-laying ceremony approached, more than 10,000 people were expected to attend the event. [110][117], After the ceremony ended, members of the UDC planted a redwood tree near the monument. The woman is leaning against a shield emblazoned with the words "The Constitution. [92] At the emergency meeting, Ezekiel outlined his proposal for the memorial: a heroic female figure symbolic of the South with a wreath in one hand and the other resting on a plow, standing atop a circular base around which figures representing the sacrifices of the South were grouped. National Park Service. Confederate heritage groups denounced any attempt to end the presidential wreath tradition, arguing it would be an insult to Southerners. [133] Section 16 is completely surrounded by Section 17, and Jackson Circle may be reached via a short path connecting the circle to McPherson Drive. [103][m], In time, the ACMA design committee began asking Ezekiel for design details, clearly with a mind toward reviewing his work. Cox, "United Daughters of the Confederacy", p. 559; Gross, p. 190. [104][110], The ACMA set Tuesday, November 12, 1912, at 2:00 pm as the date and time for laying the cornerstone for the memorial. [193][194] A second Confederate memorial was proposed for Arlington Memorial Amphitheater. Confederate soldiers, sailors, and Marines that fought in the Civil war were made U.S. Veterans by an act of Congress in in 1957, U.S. Public Law 85-425, Sec 410, Approved 23 May, 1958. Wright. BRONZE FOUNDERY, The east and west sides of the octagonal base are flanked by pedestals, on top of which are urn-like lamps topped with "eternal flames" of bronze. In November 1914, with nearly all the costs of the memorial, its erection, and dedication paid, there remained a memorial fund balance of $1,771 ($51,741 in 2022 dollars). [126][137] The cost of shipping the statue to the United States and erecting it at Arlington National Cemetery was $8,229 ($240,418 in 2022 dollars)[138] (although the press reported it as $15,000 [$438,239 in 2022 dollars]). [47] Beneath the round pedestal is a round plinth in the form of a wreath of wheat. He asked, however, that these be kept private to reduce interference with his work. On the east, northeast, north, northwest, and west sides of the cylindrical mount are the remainder of the figures[146][131] in high relief. Hare, the Reverend Doctor Randolph H. McKim, and Judge Seth Shepard. [102][l], Ezekiel felt that the monument was the most important commission he ever worked on, and he refused all other work so that he could devote all his time to it. For example, in 1865, General Meigs decided to build a monument to Civil War dead in a grove of trees near the flower garden south of the Robert E. Lee mansion at Arlington. [33] More modern sources provide different numbers, however. The first of these was a legislative proposal by Representative Hamilton Fish III in 1935 to erect a statue of Robert E. Lee somewhere in the cemetery. His motion was accepted. [98] Ezekiel sketched out his idea on a piece of paper for the two men. It is unclear why the delegates felt Ezekiel should receive $6,459, as he had not paid for these items. 171, United Confederate Veterans, submitted a resolution to his local chapter authorizing the establishment of a committee on "ways and means" to erect the memorial. [107][139] The base consists of a rectangular lower base and a taller upper base in the shape of a nearly-square Maltese cross, which together are about 3 feet (0.91m) high. [72], During the period between the ACMA's formation and its reconstitution, the UDC contributed $500 ($16,285 in 2022 dollars). They represent each branch of the Confederate armed forces: Miner, sailor, sapper, and soldier. Some of the dead had been interred on the battlefield, but most were full or partial remains discovered unburied where they died in combat. Butler, however, was convinced that there should be a bare minimum of speeches, and none of them should be lengthy. [154] Colonel William Couper, a faculty member at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), praised it in 1933 as "magnificent and impressive". [32] The graves were laid out in a pattern of concentric circles,[21] rather than straight rows as elsewhere at Arlington, to emphasize the South's attempt to find its place in the new united country. McKinley approved of the idea. In, This page was last edited on 26 May 2023, at 00:25. Monuments and Memorials. He sought to have his grandmother buried in the Confederate section of Arlington National Cemetery, and have his grandfather's remains disinterred and brought to D.C. for burial beside her. But the change to bronze from granite for the base occurred before then. In writing of the list Mr. Munroe says: [133] The figure's head is crowned with an olive wreath,[47][143] which is both sacred to Minerva (Roman goddess of war and wisdom)[131] and a symbol of peace. Although wreath layings and other brief ceremonies were still conducted at the base of the memorial, most of the event was held in the amphitheater. [92] Hilary Herbert recommended Moses Ezekiel, a Confederate Army veteran and well-known artist[92][i] who was already one of the top sculptors of Confederate images in the United States. [136][163] At the Savannah convention of 1914, the delegates agreed to pay Ezekiel a total of $8,229 ($240,418 in 2022 dollars) above the $40,000 already sent to him. This money was paid to Ezekiel. "Stonewall" Jackson to the columns as well. 20[e] (located in Washington, D.C.) asked the War Department in 1902 for permission to construct a memorial in the Confederate section. ", "Confederates Honor Dead Comrades in Arlington. Private William H. McKinney, 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, died due to pneumonia. It is a quotation from the poem Pharsalia by the ancient Roman poet Lucan. The President left as well, and the dedication ceremony ended abruptly. One of her last acts was to propose the appointment of a memorial design committee. The circular area contained a cruciform set of walkways whose north-south axis was parallel to the road that is now McPherson Drive. [83], While work on the monument initially progressed on schedule, delays began to occur. It is a United States military cemetery and these soldiers, for the most part, did not serve in the United States military. To placate him, the UDC design committee agreed ahead of time to give Ezekiel complete artistic authority in designing the memorial. An Executive Committee was also created. The UDC claimed it was the first time the convention had been held outside the boundary of the old Confederacy[111] (although that was not true, as the convention was held in San Francisco, California, in 1905. An Executive Board oversaw the organization between meetings of the board of directors. [s] Savannah convention raised just $1,504 toward this sum, and the UDC general treasury donated another $1,000 from its treasury. [106] Ezekiel donated his services as sculptor. Cultural Landscape Program. [11] Cemetery officials also refused to allow the erection of any monument to Confederate dead[10] and declined to permit new Confederate burials (either by reburial or following the death of veterans).[12][13]. [115][116] Plans for the cornerstone ceremony appeared to be disrupted when the 1912 presidential election was held just a week before the event and Taft lost the election to Woodrow Wilson. "United Daughters of Confederacy Gather Here for Big Convention.". "History and Development of the National Cemetery Administration." [b] Lewis had inventoried all Confederate graves at Arlington National Cemetery in early fall 1898 as part of the local group's historic documentation efforts. [74] In February 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt also endorsed the project in very strong terms. [21], After June 1900, however, several women's groupsamong them the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and the Ladies of the Hollywood Memorial Association[c]opposed allowing any Confederate dead to remain at Arlington. 1191; one representative from Camp No. Nonetheless, there were murmurs of disapproval from the audience when Tanner spoke. The convention approved her resolution, and selected Stone as the seventh member. [127][130] Herbert spoke briefly and then, on behalf of the ACMA, turned the memorial over to the UDC. [58], Upon learning of the funding increase, Ezekiel immediately made a new, larger model. [99] The following day, the design committee held an emergency meeting. [106] By February 1912, $24,000 ($727,779) still needed to be raised. On a hot afternoon in September 2018, 16 American soldiers buried two members of the Union Army in Arlington National Cemetery. Section 1 Lt. Col. Alexander T. Augusta , U.S. Army (1825-1890) Augusta was a pioneering doctor and the highest-ranking African American officer of the Civil War, promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel in 1865. [95][96] Ezekiel lived in Italy, but had returned to the United States on May 24, 1910, for the dedication of his life-size bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson outside the Rotunda at the University of Virginia. OF THE CONFEDERACY [3] The Commission set out to examine the ways in which the military continued to honor the Confederacy and provided recommendations on removing and renaming all Department of Defense items "that commemorate the Confederate States of America or any person who served voluntarily with the Confederate States of America. Although he lost, Pompey's actions pleased the great philosopher and statesman Cato (who was noted for his moral integrity). The Confederate Memorial is the focus of Confederate Memorial Day exercises in the Washington, D.C., area. [110] The cornerstone was then lowered into place. "[211] One of the suggestions was to remove the Confederate Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery. [131][127], Following the speakers, the Confederate Memorial was unveiled by 11-year-old Paul Herbert Micou, grandson of Hilary Herbert. [196] When the UDC learned of the proposal, many of its members wanted to add the names of Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. The memorial grounds have changed slightly due to burials and alterations since 1914. 2013. He served with the 23rd North Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment and died at the Carver Hospital in Washington, D.C. There were also attempts to erect additional Confederate memorials at Arlington National Cemetery in the 1930s. ", "Hoover Speech to Honor Dead Heroes Today. VDOM DHTML tml>. Mrs. Edgar James,[79] UDC member from Florence, Alabama, designed the seals, of which several million were printed. The graves were laid out in a pattern of concentric circles, rather than straight rows as elsewhere at Arlington, to emphasize the South's attempt to find its place in the new united country. [10] It is often claimed to be the tallest,[144] but this is incorrect as the obelisk over the grave of Major General Joseph Wheeler is taller (45 feet (14m)). Also unclear is why no other notable burials occurred next to the memorial. The McKinley speech encouraged Dr. Samuel E. Lewis to seek additional improvements to the care and treatment of Confederate graves. At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full. Fuller, A. James. Her claim is contradicted by numerous primary and secondary sources. Her wish was to be buried next to her husband, but Hollywood Cemetery officials refused, citing regulations that only men could be buried in the Confederate section of Hollywood Cemetery. 171 was the original UCV chapter in Washington, D.C. Camp No. He then donated the first $50 toward the memorial's construction. [25] The CSMA sought a way to differentiate itself from the larger body, and so advocated reburial, toobut not in Richmond (as the UDC did) but in local towns and cities throughout the South. [145], The topmost portion of the memorial consists of a larger-than-life figure of a woman representing the South. Exploring the Cemetery. Ironically, the first soldier buried at Arlington was a Confederate prisoner of war! In, Rowe, Jr., Joseph M. "Treaty of Paris of 1898." 644, UDC (also located in Washington, D.C.) began raising money for a monument. She called it a "disagreeable job", for it involved declining hundreds of requests from people who wanted to read speeches, sing or play songs, and recite poetry. [187] After a brief interment in a cemetery in Norfolk,[188] his remains were reburied in the Confederate military section of Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, on October 24, 1875. The goal was to raise the remaining $35,000 needed for the memorial, although it is unclear how many Christmas Seals were purchased. See: "Seek Aid for Shaft.". The matter is of considerable interest to Georgians. It is unclear who or what group made the suggestion (although The Washington Post implied it was a project of the Sons of Confederate Veterans), but it was proposed to inscribe the names of leading Confederate figures on the columns on either side of the apse in Memorial Amphitheater. With no marquee or other shelter nearby for the crowd, most attendees rushed for their automobiles and returned to the city. It had about $111 ($3,615 in 2022 dollars) by the end of February 1904, and later raised $1,000 ($32,570 in 2022 dollars). But the company could not furnish enough granite in time to meet the April 27 dedication deadline. [110][118] Tanner lost both legs in the war, became a stenographer, and took eyewitness testimony on behalf of the government in the hours following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. While exact numbers are unknown, estimates indicate that nearly half of the Civil War dead were never identified. [70] On November 7, Ezekiel signed a contract to design and manufacture the memorial. [125], Dedication of the Confederate Memorial was the most prominent project the UDC had ever undertaken, and the organization desired to make it a special occasion. [157] President Obama himself never addressed the issue. Its membership consisted of representatives from UCV Camp No. The resolution was then adopted. Answer (1 of 6): By your photo you look like a refined person so you're not going to like this answer. [47][142][131] The orientation of the figure and its face is toward the south, in part to honor the Confederacy[146][129][143] but also so that the sun may shine on the face of the figure at all times (which is symbolic of being favored). [20] In his speech at the Atlanta Peace Jubilee on December 14, 1898, McKinley not only celebrated the end of sectionalism but also announced that the federal government would now begin tending Confederate graves since these dead represented "a tribute to American valor". [129] Prior to laying the foundations, the entire Confederation section was regraded. [112], When the speeches ended, the cornerstone was laid. It was considered an important speech, since it was his first speaking engagement since losing the election. [174] Harding's successor, Calvin Coolidge, spoke at the memorial on Confederate Memorial Day in 1924 (held that year on May 25). Additionally, Longstreet conceived of a site adjacent to the Confederate section where Confederates could be buried or reburied, and additional memorials to them erected. See: "Organized a New Camp. Those two Union soldiers, who are unidentified, lost their. Taft's letter, however, reserved to the War Department the right to approve the monument's design and inscriptions. West has received from N. C. Munroe a list of inscriptions on the headstones of the graves in the confederate section of Arlington Cemetery. [190] Mrs. Pickett's grandson and eldest surviving male descendant, Lieutenant George E. Pickett III, was outraged by the cemetery's decision. [162] Although Ezekiel declined to press the issue, UDC leaders felt morally bound to try to pay him the additional $25,000 ($730,399 in 2022 dollars). Many UDC leaders felt fundraising should continue since the Little Rock convention of 1910 had implicitly promised to pay Ezekiel more money. The Maryland company said the base would be completed by May 22, so the ACMA rescheduled the dedication for Confederate Memorial Day, June 4. [f] On March 13, 1906, Mrs. Lizzie George Henderson, President-General of the UDC, accepted Taft's terms. Pickett died in Norfolk, Virginia, on July 30, 1875. [189] LaSalle Corbell Pickett died on March 22, 1931. It quickly became apparent, however, that the scope of work under discussion by the ACMA would overwhelm the small board of directors. She suggested creating a seven-member committee and offered for the delegates' consideration the names for six people who might serve on the committee. The turnout of about 6,000 people was, however, lighter than expected. What is a memorial? [46] Kirk Savage, associate professor of art history and architecture at the University of Pittsburgh, criticizes the memorial for being "clearly the product of white supremacist thinking and practice". [191] The three statues would be grouped together where Jackson Circle and McPherson Drive met, creating what Pickett and Longstreet called a "tri-hero corner". His interment, however, proved controversial because the War Department gave him full military honors. [65] To boost fund-raising, the ACMA sought and won the endorsement of several prominent individuals. ", "Last Monitor Merrimac Officer, 82, Dies Here. Cox, "The Confederate Monument at Arlington", p. 150, fn. Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; and Coles, David J. Martinez, J. Michael and Harris, Robert M. "Graves, Worms, and Epitaphs: Confederate Monuments in the Southern Landscape." [131][127][129] Mrs. Daisy McLaurin Stevens, President of the UDC, accepted the memorial and delivered her own a brief oration. Callaghan, James McDowell Carrington, F.M. Ezekiel was forced to spend about $5,000 ($146,080 in 2022 dollars)[136] of his own funds casting the piece, as the money paid to him barely covered the cost of materials.[161]. It is unclear why these four were buried next to the memorial and not elsewhere in the Confederate section. 553.22 (h)(3)(i). AS THEY UNDERSTOOD IT Arlington National Cemetery, no date, "President's Park (White House)." ", Another change, less well-documented, was recorded by the, The complete list of items in the cornerstone time capsule included: A certified copy of the Act of June 6, 1900, establishing the Confederate section at Arlington National Cemetery; a history of the creation of the Confederate section, with a list of dead buried therein compiled by Dr. Samuel E. Lewis; a history of the ACMA; a transcript of the minutes of the November 1907 UDC Convention; a roster of the members and officers of the ACMA; the letter from Secretary of War Taft giving the ACMA the authority to build the memorial; a duplicate of "receipt #1" from the ACMA to the Robert E. Lee Chapter No. [21] In early 1899, his group discovered another 189 graves in the Soldiers' Home National Cemetery in the District of Columbia. ", "Confederate Memorial Rites Recall Glamour of Old South. PLACUIT SED VICTA CATONI, This Latin phrase means: "The Victorious Cause was Pleasing to the Gods, But the Lost Cause Pleased Cato." Arlington House: The Robert E. Lee Memorial Cultural Landscape Report. ", "Spirit of South Nation's Need, Veterans Told. There is no indication in the UDC convention minutes as to why this deficit was incurred. [126] President Woodrow Wilson, a native Virginian, was invited to be the keynote speaker, and an invitation he readily accepted. Accessed April 29, 2012. [71] An advisory committee was also established, which consisted of four members from UCV Camp No. [127] The invocation was delivered by the Rev. Below the plinth is a round base on which is inscribed: "And they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning hooks. As Quartermaster General, Meigs had charge of the Arlington cemetery (he did not retire until February 6, 1882),[9] and he refused to give families of Confederates buried there permission to lay flowers on their loved ones' graves. 171, four members from UCV Charles Broadway Rouss Camp No. Lee was stopped by a private who seized the bridle of Lee's horse and prevented him from going, declaring that the troops would rally themselves. [3] In response, supporters of the memorial, including the Sons of Confederate Veterans, filed a lawsuit to block the removal.[212]. 1191, and four members from each chapter of the Sons of Confederate Veterans in the District of Columbia. THESE MEN SUFFERED ALL [65] But still the work overwhelmed the ACMA. The overwhelming number of military deaths in 1864 caused many Confederates to be buried at Arlington not far from their former enemies. [92] Mrs. Keith also could not attend, but offered no proxy. I'm not aware of ecumenical efforts to bury enemies alongside each other. The board of directors consisted of a representative from each state in which the UDC had a chapter, with this individual to be appointed by the President-General of the UDC in consultation with the UDC state division president. It is the former home of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. Union soldiers at Arlington House, across the Potomac River from Washington on June 28, 1864.
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