Hildegard of Bingen, a mystic or prophet and visionary, wrote books on spirituality, visions, medicine, and nature, as well as composing music and carrying out correspondences with many notables of the day. She earned two degrees at the University of Washington, the first in pharmaceutical chemistry and the second in pharmacy. In 1925 she had become the first woman elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Eva Crane founded and served as the director of the International Bee Research Association from 1949 to 1983. An astronomer in her own right, she was the first woman to discover a comet, and in recognition for her work was employed by King George III in 1787 as Williams assistant, making her the first woman to be paid for scientific work. Ruth Benerito perfected permanent-press cotton, a method of making cotton clothing wrinkle-free without ironing and without treating the surface of the completed fabric. Katherine Johnson (1918-2020) . A zoologist, Libbie Hymangraduated with a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, then worked in a research laboratory on campus. Unlike the flat life rafts of the 1870s, Beasleys raft had guard rails to help keep people inside during emergencies when they had to abandon ship. Katherine Johnson was a mathematician who worked on NASAs early space missions and was portrayed by Taraji P Henson in the film Hidden Figures. Harold Clements / Daily . Sticky in its consistency, chaulmoogra oil was only moderately effective as a topical treatment and caused blisters when injected. It was there that, after observing the patterns of coloration of maize kernels over generations of plants, she determined that genes could move within and between chromosomes. But she underestimated the challenges facing women as scientists. She realised that seismic waves arriving between around 104 and 140 from the epicentre had interacted with a solid inner core, disproving the previously accepted belief that the Earths core was entirely liquid. From childhood Jane yearned for a life among African wildlife away from the war-stricken England she was born into. Sanger's advocacy laid the groundwork for Planned Parenthood. She documented, illustrated, and wrote about the metamorphosis of a butterfly. Between 1929 and 1939, she compared various data sets from earthquakes to conclusively prove what was at the Earth's core. She was a mathematician, computer scientist, and rocket scientist, one of the few African Americans in her field, and a pioneer in the use of the first computers. In 1950 during her research she discovered that there were two forms of DNA and was offered a three-year scholarship to undertake further investigation at Kings College in London. Alchemy, the art of turning base metals into gold, is not exactly what wed call hard science these days but as an early form of chemistry (made up or not) it did provide the basis the methods and tools we still use to this day. Scientists of the time traveled from as far away as New York City to Lyme Regis to consult and hunt for fossils with Anning. Subscribe to BBC Science Focus Magazine and try 3 issues for just $9.95. She focused on planes and other research at first. Before moving to Hawaii in 1915 for a masters degree, she was published in a renowned chemistry journal for a paper she co-authored with her advisor. Ellen Swallow Richards was the first woman in the United States to be accepted at a scientific school. They eventually separated and Byron died in 1824. In the past some women were discouraged, or not allowed, to conduct research or experiments. Here she deduced the basic dimensions of DNA strands and the likely helical structure. The device she invented was the Laserphaco Probe, which removed cataractscloudy blemishes in the eye that can lead to vision loss. Many of these 87 tests, performed over five days, were brutal. She was also the first British woman to get paid for her scientific work, when William, who had been named the kings personal astronomer after his discovery of Uranus in 1781, persuaded his patron to reward his assistant with an annual salary. While still a textile worker, Tereshkova was selected from 400 applicants because of her skill at skydiving, proletariat background and worthiness for the role, and on 16 June 1963 made space history by becoming the first woman in space. Rita Levi-Montalcini hid from the Nazis in her native Italy, prohibited because she was a Jew from working in academia or practicing medicine, and started her work on chicken embryos. No one believed that a female graduate student could make such a fundamental discovery. Jex-Blakes group stayed in Edinburgh for another year, gaining what experience they could in the wards of the infirmary. A chemist, she's credited with founding the discipline of home economics. Get the latest Science stories in your inbox. Chien-Shiung Wu worked on the atomic bomb for the United States during World War II at Columbia's Division of War Research and taught university-level physics. Primatologist Jane Goodall is known for her chimpanzee observation and research at Gombe Stream Reserve in Africa. There she made X-ray images of DNA. It remained in use as a stop-gap to help prevent engine stall for a number of crucial wartime years. Prior to the great civilizations of early Greece and Rome, women are known to have practiced medicine in ancient Egypt. After leaving NASA in the late '80s, Sally Ride taught physics and wrote a number of books. His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Min Chueh Chang PhD, Chinese & American reproductive biologist (1908-1991) The invention of the oral contraceptive pill in the 1950s one of the most widely used birth control methods today transformed reproductive freedom and autonomy worldwide. She was the first woman to discover a comet (she discovered eight in total) and the first to have her work published by the Royal Society. She earned a degree at a university in Germany and was later elected a full professor at the University of Stockholm in Sweden. Two of her children wrote of their family life in Cheaper by the Dozen. It was led by Dr Randolph Lovelace, chairman of NASAs Life Sciences Committee for Project Mercury and the man who had helped devise Americas first astronaut tests. McClintock also was the first to suggest the idea of epigenetics, where genes alter their activity in response to external factors, some 40 years before it was formally studied. In 1857 Mitchell traveled to Europe, where she visited observatories and met with intellectuals, including Mary Somerville. Not her. Baths new ways of removing cataracts was faster, more accurate and less invasive than previous methods. Twice she tried to retire but ended up continuing to work into her 80s, making her the US Navys oldest active-duty commissioned officer and earning her the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. Charlotte Angas Scott was the first head of the mathematics department at Bryn Mawr College. Ruth Benedict wrote Patterns of Culture and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake was born in 1840 in Hastings, England. Alice Catherine Evans, working as a research bacteriologist with the Department of Agriculture, discovered that brucellosis, a disease in cows, could be transmitted to human beings, especially to those who drank raw milk. She was appointed in 1745 to a group of academics by the future Pope Benedict XIV. Her studies were sidetracked by a marriage, in 1804, to a Russian Navy captain, but after his death she returned to Edinburgh and became involved in intellectual circles, associating with people such as the writer Sir Walter Scott and the scientist John Playfair, and resumed her studies in math and science. Her research on lichens and mosses laid the foundation for conservation work in the field. French biologist Francoise Barre-Sinoussihelped identify HIV as the cause of AIDS. Cookie Settings, Harold Clements / Daily Express / Hulton Archive / Getty Images; The Granger Collection, New York (4); Bernard Gotfryd / Hulton Archive / Getty Images, See 11 Breathtaking Bird Images From the Audubon Photography Awards, The Real History Behind the Archimedes Dial in 'Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny', Vienna Is the Most Livable City in the World, An Exclusive Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Los Alamos Lab Where J. Robert Oppenheimer Created the Atomic Bomb, Orca Rams Into Yacht Near Scotland, Suggesting the Behavior May Be Spreading. (Top row)Tessy Thomas, Ritu Karidhal, M Vanitha, Gagandeep Kang; (Bottom) Mangala. Women inventors are behind a wide range of key innovations, from Kevlar to dishwashers to better life rafts. Sarah Blaffer Hrdy is a primatologist who has studied the evolution of primate social behavior, with special attention on the role of women and mothers in evolution. Merit Ptah, who lived sometime around 27002500 bce, is described on her tomb as the chief physician. In ancient Greece, which came into existence sometime around the 8th century bce, pondering the nature of reality and of health and disease became primarily male endeavours. "Get to Know These 91 Famous Female Scientists." She opened the first birth-control clinic in 1916 and fought a number of legal challenges over the coming years to make family planning and women's medicine safe and legal. Wally Funk was one of the 'Mercury 13', the thirteen experienced female pilots who, between 1960-61, passed the same physical tests as the Mercury 7 men, Americas first astronauts. She spent her entire career analysing maize, and in the 1930s developed a staining technique that allowed her to identify, examine and describe its individual chromosomes. After Williams death in 1822, Caroline retired to Hanover. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first woman to successfully complete the medical qualifying exams in Great Britain and the first woman physician in Great Britain. Signs had dictated which toilets the women could use. Two of her inventions, thetribokosand the kerotakis, became standard tools used for chemical experimentsand alchemy. On the same day, the University of Hawaii recognised Balls contributions with a plaque on the universitys only chaulmoogra tree. Her work on allergies, in particular, has been of interest to scientists who have long noted that people with allergies have a lower risk of some cancers. She has worked during the development of the anti-epileptic drug, Ayush-56. Some historians also credit Mary with discovering hydrochloric acid. Attitudes towards wildlife and conservation have transformed dramatically in recent years thanks to the research, dedication and compassion of extraordinary scientists like the Chimpanzee aficionado, Jane Goodall. Higher study in the early modern period was available only to those from particularly enlightened and wealthy families. Although turning metal into gold remained elusive, she is credited with discovering hydrochloric acid (take that with a pinch of salt thought), as well as the alchemical instruments the tribikos and the kerotakis, both of which have modern day equivalents in modern chemistry. Her work led to the development of the X-ray and research into atomic particles. The rest, you might want to say, is history. She held many patents for processes to treat fibers so that they would produce wrinkle-free and durable clothing.
Westfield Valencia Town Center,
Who Are The Senators For New York State,
Roanoke City Employee Salaries,
Articles F
female scientists and their inventions
