These are chemical messengers present in the central nervous system. Researchers compared the behaviours and development of birds fed a taurine-supplemented diet to a control diet and found the juveniles fed taurine-rich diets as neonates were much larger risk takers and more adept at spatial learning tasks. Science 380, eabn9257 (2023). At the moment, doctors require more evidence before they can start recommending taurine as a treatment option for conditions such as epilepsy and diabetes. When researchers gave taurine supplements to rats on a high cholesterol diet, they noticed a significant dose dependent decrease in cholesterol. [60] Unlike CRD, the condition is reversible with supplementation. CSD was initially cloned and identified in the liver as the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of taurine [20], and was later shown to be present in the kidney as well as the brain, where it is localized in glial cells. Both in retina and isolated synaptosomes, strychnine suppressed the action of taurine but not that of GABA, whereas the GABA antagonist bicuculline had no effect on the inhibitory action of taurine, but blocked the depressant action of GABA. Lombardini JB. Taurine in the brain and liver of the developing human and monkey. Evaluation of glucose and glutamine as precursors for the synthesis of preferentially released glutamate. Eye Vitamins and Foods: Are You Getting Enough? Barakat L, Wang D, Bordey A. Carrier-mediated uptake and release of taurine from Bergmann glia in rat cerebellar slices. The chemical structure of taurine, shown in Figure 1A, reveals that it lacks the carboxyl group typical of other amino acids, but does contain a sulfonate group. Izumi K, Donaldson J, Minnich JL, Barbeau A. Ouabain-induced seizures in rats: suppressive effects of taurine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. However, it should be noted that this study was clearly too small and of too short a duration to have any clinical significance. You should also give your kitty the internal organs, if you can get your hands on them, especially the heart and liver, keeping in mind that liver has the aforementioned hypervitaminosis A risk. Franconi F, Loizzo A, Ghirlanda G, Seghieri G. Taurine supplementation and diabetes mellitus. A case in point is its role in diabetes. According to a third study, taurine consumption was estimated to vary between 40 and 400mg/day. Franconi F, Di Leo MAS, Bennardini F, Ghirlanda G. Is taurine beneficial in reducing risk factors for diabetes mellitus? [22], Prematurely born infants are believed to lack the enzymes needed to convert cystathionine to cysteine, and may, therefore, become deficient in taurine. These conditions include high blood pressure, excess belly fat, increased cholesterol or triglyceride levels and high blood sugar. Electrophysiological analysis of taurine and glycine action on neurons of the mudpuppy retina. N-acetylcysteine and taurine prevent hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in vivo: possible role of oxidative stress. The biosynthesis of taurine starts in the pancreas through the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway where cysteine mixes chemically combine with sulfinic acid and oxygen. This compound has many biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. However, doses up to 3,000 milligrams have been shown to be safe and associated with minimal risk of side effects. Kaczmarek LK, Davison AN. Aside from the retina, every region of the brain that has been tested contains or takes up taurine; this includes the pineal [22,23], pons medulla [24], hypothalamus [25], striatum [26], and cerebellum [27,28]. 30 Delicious, Nutritious Juicing Recipes Youre Sure to Love, Meat and poultry 11 to 306 milligram/100 grams wet weight, Seafood 11 to 827 milligrams/100 grams wet weight, Dairy products two to eight milligrams/100 milliliters. Similar issues have clouded the relationship between taurine and epilepsy, although there is little doubt that taurine has antiepileptic activity in experimental animals. This allows your body to cope with anxiety and helps control the production of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. Results obtained by Kudo et al. Uncertainties as to whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter have led to the establishment of various criteria (some more essential than others) for inclusion. Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, defects in mitochondria and heart and muscle development, a significant dose dependent decrease in cholesterol, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, https://www.japha.org/article/S1544-3191(15)31209-7/fulltext, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737830/pdf/nihms924217.pdf, https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2552664, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501277/pdf/mv-v18-2673.pdf, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12370786_Interaction_between_the_actions_of_taurine_and_angiotensin_II, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933890/pdf/bt-26-225.pdf, https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/Taurine%20report%202011.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813349/pdf/nihms-123665.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994408/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586397/. Secondly, up to what amount is the intake of synthetic taurine safe? Shimada C, Tanaka S, Hasegawa M, Kuroda S, Isaka K, Sano M, Araki H. Beneficial effect of intravenous taurine infusion on electroretinographic disorder in taurine deficient rats. [77] It also helps to maintain skin hydration. Sivakami S, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH, Miyamoto Y. The latter values represent the averages from six different groups of dark-adapted animals. These and other members of the transforming growth factor- family help to protect retinal neurons from ischemia, free radical formation, light damage, and related forms of neuronal insult. A study published in 2023 suggests that the blood concentration of taurine declines during the aging process, as measured in mice, monkeys, and humans. Taurine prevents high glucose-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. In terms of its stoichiometry, the active uptake of one molecule of taurine requires two to three sodium ions and one chloride ion [78], and only guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES) and other close analogs of taurine, e.g., -alanine, GABA, are inhibitors of taurine uptake. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Investigating the power of music for dementia. First, ethylene oxide reacts with sodium bisulfite to obtain isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid). Taurine ameliorates alloxan-induced diabetic renal injury, oxidative stress-related signaling pathways and apoptosis in rats. One of taurines primary functions is to combine cholesterol with bile acids and remove it from the body. Taurine is involved in a number of bodily processes, including: The human body can produce taurine, but obtaining it from dietary sources or supplements is necessary to maintain optimum levels. [40], Taurine acts as a glycation inhibitor. An excess of taurine can lead to: Interactions. Google Scholar. Orr HT. [134], and Yamori et al. Taurine is named after Latin taurus (cognate to Ancient Greek , taros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. The major route for the biosynthesis of taurine, shown in Figure 1B is from methionine and cysteine via cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD), and typically requires oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine as the final step [19]. A group of researchers conducted a study of the effects of taurine on the adolescent brain. Feline maternal taurine deficiency: effects on retina and tapetum of the offspring. In cases where medical procedures like chemotherapy and radiotherapy reduce taurine levels in the body, doctors administer taurine supplements to restore retina function. However, it is important to note that these drinks and supplements may have other chemical compounds that may have independent effects. Today, manufacturers add taurine to infant formula, nutritional supplements, and energy drinks. They get it from breast milk or formula that has taurine supplements.. [62], Taurine appears essential to the development of passerine birds. Researchers have also found that among people consuming a cholesterol rich diet, those who took taurine supplements for 3 weeks had a less significant increase in cholesterol levels than those who did not take taurine. Opticians call this condition Central Retinal Degeneration (CRD). Subcellular distribution of taurine and cysteinsulphinate decarboxylase in developing rat brain. Aside from taurine, many energy drinks also contain other ingredients such as sugar and caffeine, so that taking excessive amounts of these beverages can be unhealthy. Adding to this is the fact that there is a rapid calcium-dependent efflux of taurine after electrical stimulation of cortical slices of rat brain, and the presence of uptake mechanisms to terminate its action [137-139]. In addition to its protective and therapeutic actions, taurine has proven essential for normal development [85,108], and the genetic TauT knockout mouse has been valuable in this regard. Internet Explorer). II. Taurine for dogs and cats can also be beneficial for animals diagnosed with DCM. The pharmacology of amino acids related to gamma-aminobutyric acid. [71][72][73] Junyent F, De Lemos L, Utrera J, Paco S, Aguado F, Camins A, Palls M, Romero R, Auladell C. Content and traffic of taurine in hippocampal reactive astrocytes. It is mainly found in different animal tissues, mostly in bile and large intestines. As the authors noted, while it is evident that glycine is not a transmitter at the MNN synapse, the features of the taurine response are unlike that typically seen in mammalian preparations, i.e., a hyperpolarizing, inhibitory response. [78], Taurine is also used in some contact lens solutions. [70] A 1966 study found an indication that taurine (2 g/day) has some function in the maintenance and possibly in the induction of psoriasis. The influence of path length and matrix components on ageing characteristics of transport between the choroid and the outer retina. Electrical stimulation significantly enhanced both the formation and efflux of GABA and taurine in isolated synaptosomes from the mouse brain, and the kinetic parameters for their high affinity uptake were almost identical [147]. An analysis of taurine uptake at this site showed that uptake was severely depressed in the presence of GABA, and conversely, GABA uptake was suppressed by the presence of taurine [81]. The best type of fish to feed your cat from a taurine standpoint is whitefish. Locke D, Stein T, Davies C, Morris J, Harris AL, Evans WH, Monaghan P, Gusterson B. Altered permeability and modulatory character of connexin channels during mammary gland development. [114] have shown that taurine promotes neural development not only in embryonic brain, but also in adult brain regions. Perfeito R, Cunha-Oliveira T, Cristina Rego A. Revisiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease - resemblance to the effect of amphetamine drugs of abuse. Pasantes-Morales H, Cruz C. Taurine and hypotaurine inhibit light-induced lipid peroxidation and protect rod outer segment structure. Taurine Synthesis and Production. Membrane perturbations and mediation of gap junction formation in response to taurine treatment in normal and injured alveolar epithelia. Taurine may also have benefits for diabetic nephropathy, which is a disease of the kidneys associated with diabetes. What Is Taurine? Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000tonnes. 2012; [Epub ahead of print]. Krysko DV, Leybaert L, Vandenabeele P, D'Herde K. Gap junctions and the propagation of cell survival and cell death signals. The energy-drink ingredient offers striking health benefits in mice, monkeys and worms. Always check with your doctor before taking supplements.. It helps increase the levels of carnitine in the cell, which plays a role in transporting fats into cells for use as energy in the your body. It also decreased the atherogenic index, a measure that is used to predict the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease. The fact that this array of responses to both taurine and glycine were blocked by strychnine suggests that a single glycinergic receptor may be sensitive to both agents. Taurine also removes lactic acid (responsible for pain and soreness) from muscles, enabling them to perform longer and faster. Research shows that taurine, when paired with caffeine, improves reaction time and reduces sleepiness in sleep-deprived people. LaVail MM, Yasumura D, Matthes MT, Lau-Villacorta C, Unoki K, Sung CH, Steinberg RH. Studies on intraocular transport of taurine. At each of these sites, there is evidence of taurines ability to ameliorate certain forms of neuropathology. Why had the nerve cells in the distal layers been spared? Side effects. Taurine helps to protect liver cells by reducing the severity of an oxidative stress-induced liver injury. Visual cortex develoment in rhesus monkeys deprived of dietary taurine. [27] It is a biosynthetic precursor to the bile salts sodium taurochenodeoxycholate and sodium taurocholate. Moreover, equivalent amounts of taurine and GABA depressed the firing rate of brainstem neurons almost equally [148], and similar specific, carrier-mediated transport systems are known to operate at brain cell membranes [149,150]. Taurine conjugates with the primary bile acid cholic acid to form taurocholic acid and with the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid to form taurochenodeoxycholic acid. Researchers tend to agree that taurine has antiepileptic activity because they have observed its efficacy in naturally occurring and drug-induced epilepsy in cats, dogs, mice, and rats. Kaczmarek LK, Davison AN. When this circulation of calcium reduces, taurine helps in restoring and maintaining it at optimum levels. They tested the effects of 28 candidate neurotransmitters including glycine, GABA, dopamine, epinephrine, acetylcholine, and a variety of neuropeptides and nucleotides. Effects of ATP and taurine on calcium uptake by membrane preparations of the rat retina. Without detailing the findings in this paper, it is noteworthy that application of 20 M strychnine blocked the neuronal effects of taurine, suggesting that taurine was acting on receptors that were also responsive to glycine. The intercellular junctional complexes of retinal pigment epithelia. Accumulation in the rabbit lens. 17, S1 (2010). II Supplementation with methionine, cysteine, or taurine. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Members of Passeriformes bird order require taurine to grow and develop. Young-Pearse TL, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR, Cepko CL. It also helps modulate intracellular free calcium concentrations. Taurine in breast milk is essential since prematurely born babies have low levels of the compound since they lack the necessary enzymes that convert cystathionine to cysteine. It is apparent that taurine serves a neuroprotective role in ganglion cells, as well as in photoreceptors. A substantial increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone was reported in some epileptic patients during taurine tolerance testing (oral dose of 50mg per kg body mass per day), suggesting a potential to stimulate the hypothalamus and to modify neuroendocrine function. Taurine occurs naturally in fish and meat. Being a conditional amino acid, the body naturally manufactures this compound, unlike essential amino acids. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Salmon and cod are also excellent choices. Oja SS, Lhdesmki P. Is taurine an inhibitory neurotransmitter? Be sure to talk to your healthcare professional before starting supplementation if you have any underlying health conditions. Interestingly, taurine satisfies many of the criteria considered essential for inclusion in the inventory of neurotransmitters, but evidence of a taurine-specific receptor has yet to be identified in the vertebrate nervous system. Excited Cats is reader-supported. Taurine helps metabolize fat, increase energy production and maintain a lean body physique. These nerve cells depend on the circulation of calcium to work well. Contact lens manufacturers add taurine in most contact lens solutions. Protection of the rat retina from ischemic injury by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. 18 Low-Carb Meals that Energize and Actually Fill You Up! Taranukhin AG, Taranukhina EY, Saransaari P, Podkletnova IM, Pelto-Huikko M, Oja SS. Huxtable RJ. [67][68][69] Olson JE, Martinho E., Jr Regulation of taurine transport in rat hippocampal neurons by hypo-osmotic swelling. However, some peoples bodies may not manufacture the compound or some may have conditions that require taurine and therefore entirely depend on dietary supplements. Mice and worms that were orally fed a steady regimen of taurine supplements survived longer than the control creatures, with the median life span increasing by 10 to 12%. Lake N. Taurine depletion leads to loss of rat optic axons. The so-called "wonder molecule" is a type of amino acid found. Although scientists need to carry out more research, in this article, we analyze the health benefits and potential risks of taurine consumption. In the preface to the second edition of their fine text on Molecular Cell Biology [171], James Darnell, Harvey Lodish, and David Baltimore state that the quest in all biologic disciplines is the same: to discover proteins that could carry out specific biologically important tasks. A rephrasing of that statement might well include all molecules that engage in such tasks, even the nonessential amino acid taurine, which participates in so many vital biological functions. The -aminobutyric acid transporter and its interaction with taurine in the apical membrane of the bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Taurine supplements help your body use iron better, making them effective for iron deficiency and anemia.. Subsequent studies by these authors on the actions of both of these agents revealed that the same concentrations of either amino acid had similar effects on intra- and extracellular recordings from retinal neurons and Mller (glial) cells [142,143]. What is taurine used for? Cunningham RA, Miller RF. Subsequent studies have implicated the ligand-gated glycine 2 receptor in photoreceptor development [121], since mice with targeted deletion of this receptor no longer experienced proper normal photoreceptor development. Proximal negative response of frog retina. For this reason, Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) advises that dry and wet food products should have at least 0.1% and 0.2% of taurine respectively. Rentera RC, Johnson JDR. Molecular characterization and, Bulley S, Shen W. Reciprocal regulation between taurine and glutamate response via Ca. What Is The Official Language Of The United States? Taurine improves glucose tolerance, increases insulin action, and as an antioxidant compound it is key for the optimum functioning of body ions such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Treatment with combinations of antioxidants has also proven to effectively rescue photoreceptors in an animal model (rd1) of retinal degeneration [14], but here too the agents were applied exogenously. Thus, although the actions of glycine and taurine overlap at similar receptors, there is reason to suspect that the receptor populations are not the same [146]. Hayes KC, Rabin AR, Berson EL. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) The caffeine and sugar can lead to problems with your heart rate and blood pressure, which can be made worse by the taurine., Taurine supplements. B: This oversimplified diagram shows the main steps in the conversion of L-cysteine to taurine. One study found that it can lower heart rate. This combination works directly against what taurine does, but perhaps the manufactures of such drinks have a formula and measurement for each compound to work as intended. Darnell J, Lodish H, Baltimore D. Molecular cell biology. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. In fact, according to a review published in Amino Acids, animal models suggest that a higher intake could help protect against heart disease and prevent fatty plaque build-up in the arteries. Maar T, Moran J, Schousboe A, Pasantes-Morales H. Taurine deficiency in dissociated mouse cerebellar cultures affects neuronal migration. Amino acids are the protein building blocks of the human body. Dark meat from lamb has a respectable amount of taurine, but theres less than youd find in some of the other sources on this list. Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. Pasantes-Morales H, Domnguez L, Campomanes MA, Pacheco P. Retinal degeneration induced by taurine deficiency in light-deprived cats. Rapid postmortem changes in the cellular localisation of amino acid transmitters in the retina as assessed by immunocytochemistry. The magnitude of the changes they elicited was exceeded only by the taurine analog homotaurine (3-aminopropane-sulfonic acid), although the time course of the response decay was much slower.
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