In the Classical period, the Patmians prefer to identify themselves as Dorians descending from the families of Argos, Sparta and Epidaurus, further mingling with people of Ionian ancestry. Copyright 2023, Bible Study Tools. What Is Biblical Discipline, and How Can We Grow This Virtue? Settlers, including Greeks and Arvanites from the Peloponnese and the Ionian Islands, as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled to Chios, were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the tithe in exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 piastres, and a considerable autonomy in local affairs. The Ascension of Jesus: What It Is, Why Its Often Overlooked & More. to life. The cave in which he is said to have seen his visions is still pointed out to the traveler. Nevertheless, the treaty signed in London did not include the islands of the Dodecanese as part of the newly built Greek State and therefore fell again under Turkish occupation. In 1088 the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus granted the island to an abbot, who founded the massive monastery dedicated to St. John at Khra. The construction of the monastery started in 1101, after the permission of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komninos the 1st, who gave to Christodoulos the complete authority over the island of Patmos. Patmos was at times colonized by the Doriens and thereafter followed the Ionians. Do you have a question about Greece and the Greek islands? Patmos' main communities are Chora (the capital city) and Skala, the only commercial port. Gradually, inhabitants from the surrounding areas, including Mount Latmos, settled on the island and named it "Letois" in honour of Artemis. Visitors can see the cave where John is said to have received his Revelation (the Cave of the Apocalypse), and several monasteries on the island are dedicated to Saint John. A prolongation and middle voice form of a primary verb; to cause to be, i.e. Corrections? At the same reform, the regional unit Samos was created out of part of the former Samos Prefecture.[31]. Samian wine was well known in antiquity and is still produced on the island. Geography The small island of Patmos is about 7.5 miles (12 km) long from north to south and at its widest is 6 miles (10 km) from east to west. Read more. Finally, due to the pressure of the Great Powers, Samos was declared an autonomous, tributary principality under Ottoman suzerainty. [18], In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (hass) to Kilic Ali Pasha, the Kapudan Pasha (the Ottoman Navy's chief admiral). These seven cities in Revelation 1:11 were part of an itinerary first followed by Johns messenger who took the scrollJohns Revelationfrom congregation to congregation. The Monastery of Saint John and the Cave of the Apocalypse are among the most often visited by pilgrims. On this reading, that first seal unleashes false prophecyperhaps even specifically the false prophecies that were said to have been uttered about Rome and Augustus and the destiny of each. The most important plains other than the capital, Vathy, in the northeast, are those of Karlovasi, in the northwest, Pythagoreio, in the southeast, and Marathokampos in the southwest. 44), Marathos (pop. Ioannis Spilanis, H. Vayanni et K. Glyptou (2012). It constitutes a dmos (municipality) in the perifreia (region) of South Aegean (Ntio Aigao), southeastern Greece. area and average elevation)", "Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece", https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/samos-airport/valeurs/16723.html, "Samos (island, Greece) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Samos: 2.4. It is also a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region. The area of the island is 477.395km2 (184.3sqmi),[9] and it is 43km (27mi) long and 13km (8mi) wide. A total of 197 Samiot DSE fighters were killed during the course of the civil war. An inscription bears witness to the presence of a gymnasium from the second-century BC and following. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. [16] With a length of over 1km (0.6mi), Eupalinos's subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. [19], The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination to the Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an independent state, governed as before under the provisions of the 1821 constitution. Near the center of the island, Skala is the island's modern commercial center and port. In 1912, in connection with the Turco-Italian War, the Italians occupied all the islands of the Dodecanese, including Patmos. Under the leadership of Lykourgos Logothetis, in 1807 the Karmanioloi gained power in the island, introducing liberal and democratic principles and empowering the local popular assembly at the expense of the land-holding notables. The crucified, suffering Saviour, God in Christ, very God, and one with man in sorrow, was the stumbling-block in the past, and is the ideal which offends many now. "Emmanuel," is the motto of the true faith--, "The Lord was God, and came as man; the Pope. 7 Beautiful Ways We Can Reflect on God During a Commute, Surround Yourself with the Right Team to Weather Lifes Storms. Where to eat? The population of the island numbers 3,000, almost entirely Greek. A famous monastery, Christodulos, was founded on the island in 1088. The highest point is Profitis Ilias, 269 metres (883 feet) above sea level. Pierola then launched another counter-insurgency operation in Kerkis, which resulted in the death of 40 resistance members. The island's population is 33,814, which makes it the 9th most populous of the Greek islands. Patmos Island is globally known for its religious legacy, as it is the place where John the Evangelist (aka John the Theologian) wrote the Book of Revelation. This investment is the largest ever made on the island and highlights the commitment of SMERC to promote Patmos as a world-class tourist destination. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [5], Samos is home to many species including the golden jackal, stone marten, wild boar, flamingos and monk seal.[10]. In this excerpted transcript from the Mobile Ed course The Seven Cities of Revelation, instructor Dr. David deSilva explores what the island of Patmos was like when John lived thereas well as what it is like today. ESV 9 I, John, your brother and partner in the tribulation and the kingdom and the patient endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos on account of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus. Ad Feedback Island enhancements: Financier Charles Pictet, restored three windmills on a hillock opposite the. The Russians conquered the island in 1770, after the Turkish-Venetian War. After the Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy on 25 July, Pietro Badoglio replaced division commander Mario Soldarelli with Lieutenant General Pierola and reinforced the Samos garrison with 1,500 Blackshirts. TornosNews.GR. It is mentioned in Scripture only in Revelation 1:9 . Samos receives about 705 millimetres (27.8in) of rainfall annually while the average annual temperature is 18.4C (65.1F). "St. John, proclaiming the Word of God, who was before all worlds, who had been made flesh and dwelt among men, who was the King of kings and Lord of lords, struck a blow at the worship as well as the polity of the Roman empire. A brother near or remote. Artemis instantly fell in love with it and desired to make it her own. The Patmian School was founded by Makarios Kalogeras in 1713 near the cave of the Apocalypse. Encyclopdia Britannica. [17], As one of the quietest Greek Islands, the island's natural beauty and UNESCO World Heritage monuments, combined with its intense spirituality, have a profound impact on visitors and leave them deeply moved. From this altitude, lookouts could keep an eye on the ships coming in and out of Patmos ports and intervene if there was any criminal activity threatening the flow of trade east and west. Revelation 1:2 Who bare record of the word of God, and of the testimony of Jesus Christ, and of all things that he saw. 7 Short but Mighty Lessons from the Book of James, When it Comes to Miracles, God Does it His Way. Strabo (Geography 10.5.13) situates it Revelation 6:9 And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held: Revelation 11:7 And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them. Many ruins can still be seen. When the Turkish-Venetian Wars ended, tranquillity returned to Patmos and the island flourished, becoming once again an important commercial center. [4] It is part of the Kalymnos regional unit. Humidity is lowest during the summer and highest at the end of autumn. Revelation 1:9-10. A relation of rest; 'in, ' at, on, by, etc. A gymnasium was a place for the practice, of course, of Greek athletic games and training and keeping oneself in shape. Tourism is the main economic activity. John Malathronas Almost ideal:. In 1085, the Reverend Father Christodoulos was forced by the Turks to abandon its temple in Asia Minor and went to the island of Kos where he founded a monastery. [5], Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475[17] or c.1479/80,[18] at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. ( Revelation 1:9 ) a rugged and bare island in the AEgean Sea, 20 miles south of Samos and 24 west of Asia Minor. The island's most important monument is the Monastery of Saint John, which is situated on the top of a hill above Chora, the capital town. There were also major temples of Artemis, of course, on the mainland, but also Apollo, her brother, in Miletus, of which Patmos was a kind of satellite island falling within its administrative jurisdiction, and also a grand temple to Apollo at Didyma, near to both Miletus and Ephesus. Patmos is also linked to another legend, the one of Orestes. Times: Andros, Patmos and 8 other islands singled out for a quieter Greek getaway. . The refugees were taken to Patmos, the nearest municipality, for processing and care. The Samian climate is typically Mediterranean, with mild rainy winters, and warm rainless summers. "The vision that follows is all but unaffected by the external surroundings of the seer. John 16:33 These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. Juvenal, the Roman satirist, active toward the end of the first century AD, describes several Greek islands that are near to Patmos as rocks crowded with our noble exiles. While Juvenal does not mention Patmos specifically, this smallish island, no more than 30 miles in circumference, might well also have served such a function, a place to which to send largely elite undesirables, removing them from their places of influence where they might foment trouble or otherwise cause embarrassment for Rome and its leaders. The island is 10 miles long, and about 6 broad along the northern coast. The island of Patmos holds great importance in the Bible as it is the location where the Apostle John wrote the book of Revelation. Halfway up the descent is the cave or grotto where tradition says that St. John received the Revelation. At the farthest, we can but think of the blue waters of the Mediterranean--now purple as wine, now green as emerald, flushing and flashing in the light as the hues on the plumage of a dove." [12][13], Forbes magazine, in 2009, named Patmos "Europe's most idyllic place to live", writing that "Patmos has evolved over the centuries but has not lost its air of quiet tranquility, which is one reason why people that know it return again and again".[14]. During the early 18th century, the island's wealth was separated into secular and monastic entities. Revelation 6:9.) In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). A famous monastery, Christodulos, was founded on the island in 1088. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island. Most in the past had been forced to pay tribute, but Samos was only told to repay the damages that the rebellion had cost the Athenians: 1,300 talents, to pay back in instalments of 50 talents per annum. The island itself, having a very uneven coast, offered many natural harbors to ships carrying goods back and forth between the two sides of this body of water. From thlibo; pressure. This friendly attitude towards Athens was the result of a series of political revolutions, which ended in the establishment of a democracy. [5], Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradition is singularly defective. Proud member [6] Patmos is also home to the Patmian School, a notable Greek seminary. The Ampelos massif (colloquially referred to as "Karvounis") is the larger of the two and occupies the centre of the island, rising to 1,095 metres (3,593ft). Re Apocalypse). Get a roundup of new Word by Word articles in your inbox each Friday. I was put on the island of Patmos because I had proclaimed God's word and the truth that Jesus revealed. During the end of the 12th century, the island of Patmos was transformed into a large commercial center. The course discusses the archaeological remains of each location, shedding light on the cultural context of the book of Revelation. Jesus Healed a Paralyzed Man. A primary preposition denoting the channel of an act; through. In spring 1943, the Cuneo Division launched an unsuccessful, two-month-long counter-insurgency operation in Karvouni. Many ruins can still be seen. The island is 10 miles long, and about 6 broad along the northern coast. [11], In 1945, the Germans left and the island of Patmos remained autonomous until 1948, when, together with the rest of the Dodecanese Islands, it joined the independent Greece. Patmos' insularity surrounded by the sea influenced John's apocalyptic visions. The monastery itself, however, set on a hill opposite Mount Kastelli, is built over the foundations of an ancient temple to Artemis. [18] Ottoman rule was interrupted during the Russo-Turkish War of 17681774, when the island came under Russian control in 17711774. Nothing is so attractive to the next century of builders as a pile of precut stones from a derelict building ready to be repurposed in some new construction. You can discuss this post and others in the Faithlife Today group. ". It was also ruled by Tzachas between 10811091. Finds have excavated various buildings, cemeteries, fortresses, and evidence of an ancient acropolis, testifying the existence of a densely populated area in the past. The island suffered from the Arab raids from the 6th to the 9th century AC, a period during which the Grand Basilica of Saint John was destroyed. It is now called Patmo. Upon the departure of the Germans, ELAS and a 120-man unit of the Sacred Band forced the remaining 1,000 Blackshirts to surrender; ending the island's occupation on 5 October 1944. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains. The highest temperature ever recorded is 41.6C (106.9F) while the lowest is 3.4C (25.9F). According to the Book, this John was on the island of Patmos, not far from the coast of Asia Minor, "because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (Rev. . She has a master's in biblical studies and theology from Western Seminary and frequently takes groups to Israel. The ancient capital was on an isthmus between the inlets of La Scala and Merika. During the Peloponnesian War (431404BC), Samos took the side of Athens against Sparta, providing their port to the Athenian fleet. After Polycrates's death, Samos suffered a severe blow when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered and partly depopulated the island. km) and a circumference of 25 miles (37 km), the volcanic island presents a largely rocky and treeless landscape. The person pronoun of the second person singular; thou. This particular inscription speaks of an association of torch runners, a kind of club within the gymnasium, who participated in a sacred race to take fire to an altar of Hermes on the island. The island of Patmos is situated in the Aegean Sea in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, approximately 60 miles southwest of Ephesus and only about 40 miles west of Miletus off of the coast of Asia Minor/Turkey. According to a legend in Greek mythology, the island's original name was "Letois", after the goddess and huntress of deer, Artemis, daughter of Leto. Patmos island in the Dodecanese, a group of 15 larger plus 150 smaller islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea The remains of this fortress are scant. For the Word of God, and the testimony of Jesus, Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 1st Person Singular. The Italians remained there until 1943, when Nazi Germany took over the island. Clark purchased here the manuscript of Plato which is now in the Bodleian Library, the celebrated Clarkianus, a parchment written in the year 895, and admittedly the best of all for the 1st of the 2 volumes into which the works of Plato were divided for convenience. Under the Romans it was a place for exiles, the most noted of whom was Saint John the Apostle, author of the Fourth Gospel and the Book of Revelation, who according to tradition was sent there about 95 ce. This is the result of a practice that has ravaged archaeological sites across the Mediterranean over the centuries. Other notable personalities include the philosophers Melissus of Samos and Epicurus, who were of Samian birth, and the astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, whom history credits with the first recorded heliocentric model of the Solar System. What Is Pentecost in the Bible & Why Is It Important? Patmos is mentioned by Thucydides (iii.33), by Pliny (NH, iv.23), and by Strabo (x.5). [citation needed], During the 3rd century BC, in the Hellenistic period, the settlement of Patmos acquired the form of an acropolis with an improved defence through a fortification wall and towers.[8]. Ferries to Patmos depart from Piraeus port in Athens about 3 times a week. Nikos, K. (2023, March 29). The course discusses the archaeological remains of each location, shedding light on the cultural context of the book of Revelation. because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus. It has a total area of 34 sq km and a coastline of about 60 km. He opposed the God-man to the man-god" (Maurice on the Revel., p. 20). The construction of the monastery started in 1101. [citation needed] Ottoman rule in Patmos ("Batnaz" in Ottoman Turkish) was interrupted by initially Venetian occupation during Candian War between 1659 and 1669, then Russian occupation during Orlov Revolt between 1770 and 1774 and finally during the Greek War of Independence. Even today on the occasion of the major Christian holidays, these sacred places attract many faithful from all over Greece and beyond. 24 (11thed.). The Samians are also credited with having been the first Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar. On 15 September 1944, an Allied aerial bombardment destroyed the German ship "Aslan" along with three support ships in the Vathy harbour. Alexander's Bampton Lectures, p. 30, et seq.) San Giovanni di Patino): A Turkish island of the group Sporades, Southwest of Samos, mentioned once in the Bible, Revelation 1:9, "I, John . was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (dia ton logon tou theou kai ten marturian Iesou). One of the northernmost islands of the Dodecanese complex,[2] it has a population of 2,998 and an area of 34.05km2 (13.15sqmi). pat'-mos (Patomos; Italian: San Giovanni di Patino): A Greek island of the group Sporades, Southwest of Samos, mentioned once in the Bible, Revelation 1:9, "I, John. was in the isle that is called Patmos, for the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (dia ton logon tou theou kai ten marturian Iesou). The name Patmos, it is generally believed, derives from the word Latmos, which is the name of a mountain of Caria, a country situated across the island in Asia Minor where the goddess Diane (Artemis), was particularly adored. Samos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region, and since 2019 it consists of two municipalities: East Samos and West Samos. [5] The monastery was founded by Saint Christodulos. International Standard Version I am John, your brother and partner in the oppression, kingdom, and patience that comes because of Jesus. Patmos ( Greek: , pronounced [patmos]) is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. One night, the Greek goddess Artemis noticed the small island glistening beneath the water due to the moon's rays. An inscription [below image] was also found on part of an altar under the monastery complex naming Artemis Patmia (Artemis of Patmos) as the dedicatee of the temple there. Patmos's economy is largely reliant on tourism during the summer months with Christian pilgrims frequently visiting due to the island's connection with the apostle John and the writing of the Book of Revelation.[15]. After the downfall of Athens, Samos was besieged by Lysander and again placed under an oligarchy. By the 7th century BC, it had become one of the leading commercial centres of Greece. The Acts of John, an apocryphal text from the fifth century, speaks of a temple and priests of Apollo on the island also. In December 1942, local communists founded a branch of ELAS resistance organisation, the following month the resistance came into contact with the British military who provided them with material support. The sun dried up the land and brought life to it. [32] It was abolished in 2006. In 95 AD, according to a tradition preserved by Irenaeus, Eusebius, Jerome and others, John was exiled here--in the 14th year of the reign of Domitian--whence he returned to Ephesus under Nerva (96 AD). [24], Many of the Samiot ELAS members that abandoned the island following its occupation by the Germans, enlisted in the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East, participated in the communist-led 1944 Greek naval mutiny and were subsequently imprisoned in British prison camps. Thucydides, especially books i. and viii. [5], In 394BC, the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the island to declare its independence and re-establish a democracy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387BC), it fell again under Persian dominion. Patmos is the place where Saint John wrote the Book of Revelation (Apocalypse) and a unique pilgrimage site for the Catholics and Orthodox. The municipality of East Samos consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities): The municipality of West Samos consists of the following municipal units: Samos has a sister town called Samo, which is located in Calabria, Italy. APOCALYPSE OF JOHN Little is known about the author of Revelation, which is also referred to as the Apocalypse of John. Where to stay? About 535BC, when the existing oligarchy was overturned by the tyrant Polycrates, Samos reached the height of its prosperity. It was on this island, to which John was banished by the emperor Domitian (A.D. 95), that he received from God the wondrous revelation recorded in his book. Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary - Patmos, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia - Patmos, California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information. A. Agelarakis, "Anthropologic Results: The Geometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion". Patmos is divided into two nearly equal parts, a northern and a southern, by a very narrow isthmus where, on the east side are the harbor and the town. Clark purchased here the manuscript of Plato which is now in the Bodleian Library, the celebrated Clarkianus, a parchment written in the year 895, and admittedly the best of all for the 1st of the 2 volumes into which the works of Plato were divided for convenience. The sacred island of Patmos is also known as the island of the Apocalypse and Jerusalem of the Aegean. Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. After the division of the Roman Empire in 284 AC, Christianity was officially recognized and the Byzantine Empire flourished. [14] The trade caused them to become bitter rivals with Miletus. Near the city of Patmos there is a good harbor. Selene finally convinced Artemis, who, in turn, gained her brother Apollo's help to persuade Zeus to allow the island to arise from the sea. It is said that he fled to the island after murdering his mother Clytemnestra, and was hunted by the Erynies. Only a small part of the once valuable library in the monastery of Christodulos is left. Legend says that the island sunk into the sea and that Artemis, with the help of Apollo, managed to persuade Zeus to bring the island back to the surface. The island of Patmos lays in the eastern borderline of the Aegean Sea and is the northernmost island of the Dodecanese complex. In May, a revolutionary government with its own constitution was set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis. The highest point is Profitis Ilias, 269 metres (883ft) above sea level. Although other Aegean islands had been quickly captured by the Greek Navy, Samos was initially left to its existing status quo out of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearby Dodecanese. Patmos is also connected by ferry with Leros, Lipsi, Kalymnos, Kos, and Rhodes. Patmos.--Professor Plumptre notices how little the scenery of Patmos colours the Apocalypse. Patmos is situated off the west coast of Turkey and the continent of Asia. With an approximate population of 3000 persons, Patmos forms part of the Dodecanese Islands and lies between the islands of Leros, Fourni and Ikaria. During the Byzantine times, the inhabitants of Patmos built a Grand Royal Basilica in honor of Saint John, where the monastery stands today. I, John, your brother and fellow partner in the tribulation and kingdom and patience in Jesus. Patmos is at a distance of 158 nautical miles from the main harbor of Athens, Piraeus. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION Patmos is a volcanic island in the Icarian Sea, a subdivision of the Aegean, and one of the most northern of a chain of twelve Greek islands called the Dodecanese. The island was governed by the semi-autonomous Principality of Samos under Ottoman suzerainty from 1835 until it joined Greece in March 1913. John informs us that he "was on the island that is called Patmos" ( Revelation 1:9 ), a small, rocky Aegean island just west of due south from Ephesus, employed as a prison or place of exile by the Roman emperors. John's salutation to the seven churches of Asia. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints. Revelation 13:10 He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. July is the hottest and driest month followed by August while February is the coldest month and December records the highest amount of precipitation. It has been suggested that there was also once a shrine or temple to Apollo that was part of the complex on Mount Kastelli, standing there as an appropriate counterpart to the temple of his sister Artemis on the opposite mountaintop. From sun and koinonos; a co-participant. "Ye shall be as gods" is their motto and their bible. Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 2nd Person Plural. The Book of Revelation was written sometime around 96 CE in Asia Minor. This book is considered one of the most profound and enigmatic books of the Bible, and its authorship by John adds to its significance. Answer Patmos is a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea and is mentioned only once in Scripture. In 1207, the Venetians conquered Patmos and the reign was given to the Duke of Naxos. Evaluating the tourism activity in a destination: the case of Samos Island, Revue Etudes Caribennes, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. In 1088, the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos gave Christodulus the complete authority over the island of Patmos, as well as the permission to build a monastery on the island. (See JOHN .). During the course of the Greek Civil War, Samos became one of the biggest centres of DSE resistance outside of the Greek mainland. A tiny, mountainous speck in the Aegean Sea, the 13-square-mile island of Patmos is where, according to Christian tradition, St. John was exiled in A.D. 95 after being persecuted . Verb - Aorist Indicative Middle - 1st Person Singular. Witness, evidence, testimony, reputation. Their rule lasted until 1812, when they were overthrown by the Ottoman authorities and their leaders expelled from the island. It was the scene of the banishment of St. John in the reign of Domitian, A.D. 95. Akin to the base of keleuo; to 'call'. Patmos served as a place of solitude for John, allowing him to receive divine . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It is estimated that in April 2020 the Vathy camp held 6,800 migrants, ten times the number it was originally designed for. Patmos is an island in the Aegean Sea roughly thirty-seven miles (59.5 kilometers) southwest of ancient Miletus. During his reign, two working groups under the leadership of the engineer Eupalinos dug a tunnel through Mount Kastro to build an aqueduct to supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply).
What Are My Rights As A Human,
Fatal Accident On Highway 50 Today,
Skye's Spirit Wildlife Rehabilitation Center,
Articles W
what is the island of patmos called today
