Ascites has been reported in stillborn calves, as well as edema and hemorrhage in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves with excessive maternal nitrate exposure. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Gross necropsy of cattle with monensin toxicosis shows cardiac dilatation, epicardial hemorrhages, and pale streaking of the myocardial muscle (indicating necrosis). Although usually acute, the effects of nitrite or nitrate toxicosis may be subacute or chronic and can include delayed growth, decreased milk production, vitamin A deficiency, minor transitory goitrogenic effects, abortion, fetotoxicity, and increased susceptibility to infection. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Sulfadimethoxine (50 mg/kg, PO in the drinking water, for 1 day and then 25 mg/kg for 4 days) is used in cattle in North America. Accessibility The toxicity of monensin for cattle and other species is well-documented and is known to be dose dependent. However, it is mainly a management problem, usually from overcrowding and a contaminated environment. For more information on this topic, the FDA has provided a compliance policy guide. Accidental monensin sodium intoxication of feedlot cattle. Other management problems can usually be detected by careful history-taking and observation. In most cases the mortality was predictable based upon the exposure in controlled studies. Monensin is used extensively in the beef and dairy industries in feed to prevent coccidiosis and improve feed efficiency. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Some monogastric animals, usually because of excess nitrate exposure from nonplant sources, exhibit salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and gastric hemorrhage. This prevents the microorganism from maintaining appropriate metabolism, leading to antimicrobial effects. Infection leads to immunosuppression and can cause signs in multiple body systems in addition to read more may be found in feces, but blood tests are more useful. Ionophore toxicity is directly due to their mechanism actiondisruption of normal ionic gradients. Chronic infections tend to be associated with poor growth, staring coat, and soiled hair in the perineal region. There may be pinpoint or larger hemorrhages (petechiae, ecchymoses) on serosal surfaces. Nitrate does not selectively accumulate in fruits or grain and is found chiefly in the lower stalk, with lesser amounts in the upper stalk and leaves. In cattle, the clinical signs of acute monensin toxicity are anorexia (24 to 36 h post ingestion), diarrhea, dullness, weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, prostration, and death within 3 to 14 d of the ingestion of the incriminated feed (1,2,68). Thus, control of coccidiosis in North American feeder calves brought into a crowded feedlot depends on management of population density, appropriate feed bunks, and use of chemotherapeutics. In these cases, cattle recovered from the insulting dose and resumed growth and feed intake. PMID: 6879977 DOI: 10.1136/vr.112.24.560 Abstract Following accidental overdosage with monensin, nine deaths occurred in a batch of 40, four-to-seven-month-old calves. One possible explanation for this herd not presenting more severe symptoms is that it had been supplemented with monensin daily, prior to the toxic exposure and, therefore, that the rumen microflora had already adapted to the ionophore. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Single dose acute toxicity and signs associated with toxicity were determined by oral gavage, 7-d oral gavage and feeding experiments with high concentrations of monensin in feed. In Queensland, Australia, weaned cattle tend to be more affected in dry years, possibly because of stress. Wentink GH, Vente JP. Chronic or low-dose monensin toxicosis in horses results in cardiac failure, poor performance, weakness, and muscle stiffness. The clinical presentation can range from read more may be detected by bacteriologic culture. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Vet Manual outside of North America. Be careful if offering feed with ionophores that a free-choice medicated mineral is not accessible at the same time. Young, unweaned livestock, especially neonatal pigs, can be more sensitive to nitrate in water. Biomed Res Int. Very severe cases may be associated with dehydration, often bloody diarrhea, anemia (rare), muscle weakness, recumbency, and death. Copyright 2023 American Society of Animal Science. Animals may adapt to higher nitrate content in feeds, especially when grazing summer annuals such as sorghum-Sudan hybrids. In the northwestern and midwestern US, cattle infection is higher in the summer, fall, and spring, and lower in midwinter and early summer. As part of preventive management and control, ensure all calves enter and are kept in a clean, disinfected environment with good ventilation. Monensin is a monovalent carboxylic polyether ionophore antibiotic produced by the fungus Streptomyces cinnamonensis (1,2). Raisin poisoning in dogs Vet Rec. Taking a fecal sample should allow most other common differential diagnoses to be ruled out. A monensina considerada segura quando usada em espcies-alvo, dentro das dosagens recomendada pelo fabricante, e rapidamente excretada aps sua ingesto, com mnimo acmulo nos tecidos. Production in the first 2-day period after exposure decreased to 24.6 kg/cow/d and declined further to 22.8 kg/cow/d on the 2nd pickup (days 3 and 4 post-exposure). Besides use of coccidiostats, fluid therapy or blood transfusions may be needed in cases of dehydration, dysentery, and anemia. Concentrations of cTnI were all < 0.1 ng/mL. Mating Capacity of Bulls; Bull to Cow Ratio, Loss of appetite, reduced feed intake or completely off feed (24 to 36 hours after consuming a high dose), Weakness, ataxia, incoordination, loss of balance, stumbling, muscular stiffness, Difficult, rapid and/or labored breathing, Recumbency (down) and death usually within 3 to 14 days of the ingestion of the contaminated feed, Ionophore toxicity will usually involve a recent change in feed supplementation and will generally involve more than one animal with clinical signs. Calves with concurrent enteric infections (eg, giardiasis Giardiasis in Animals Giardiasis is an intestinal infection with the protozoan flagellate parasite Giardia spp. The complexes are then transported in a nonpolar manner across the bacterial cell membrane. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Reviewed/Revised Aug 2022 | Modified Oct 2022. It also selectively kills bacteria that produce methane, resulting in less carbon loss and greater energy efficiency. No attempts were made to rule out these differential diagnoses, because the monensin toxicosis had already been confirmed. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. During or after infection, cattle may become more susceptible to other diseases, especially respiratory disease. No changes in roughage ration were made. There is considerable difficulty in interpreting oocyst counts because of the many nonpathogenic species and timing of sampling. If mineral feeders are allowed to stay empty for a period of time or the mineral becomes like concrete due to excess moisture, the potential exists for overconsumption of monensin when a new bag of mineral is finally offered. Sulfaquinoxaline (13 mg/kg, in the drinking water or by drench if not drinking sufficiently, for 35 days) is approved by the US FDA for treatment of coccidiosis. However, these changes have been shown to be dose dependent and nonspecific, with abnormalities reflecting generalized organ failure (2). The in-contact group should also be moved to clean accommodation if possible. 10, 11 The LD 50 - the amount of a toxic agent that is sufficient to kill 50% of a population of animal usually within a certain time (also called lethal dose) - estimates for . Ionophores have been used widely in the beef and poultry industry for improved feed efficiency and control of coccidiosis (1). FOIA Toxicosis most often occurs in naive domestic species, most commonly due to ingestion of plants containing excess nitrates; particularly by hungry animals engorging themselves, thus ingesting an enormous volume of nitrate. Epub 2013 Feb 13. The parasite is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in calves and young growing stock, often decreasing production. Cattle confined to feedlots are susceptible to coccidiosis throughout the year. In cattle, the clinical signs of acute monensin toxicity are: Cattle that recover from the initial poisoning event may die suddenly from heart failure if exercised or stressed. The animals appear slightly dull with a poor coat. Some medicines are licensed in various countries for the control of calf coccidiosis, but many other products used appear to have some efficacy although they are unlicensed in cattle. CVJ, National Library of Medicine Search for other works by this author on: American Society of Animal Science 1984. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Consumption by unapproved species may result in toxic reactions. As the concentration of methemoglobin increases, affected animals develops dyspnea, cyanotic mucous membranes, weakness, ataxia, muscular tremors; and, often, frequent urination. Crops that readily concentrate nitrate include cereal grasses (especially oats, millet, and rye), corn (maize), sunflower, and sorghums. Ionophores used in veterinary medicine include monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin, maduramicin, semduramicin, and laidlomycin propionate. Most infected calves show no clinical signs. It is used in the feed at 16.5 or 30 g/ton for 31 days. Bulk tank milk was collected every 2 d. Milk collection occurred on the morning of day 0. Affected calves may die < 24 hours after the onset of dysentery and CNS signs, or they may live for several days, commonly in a laterally recumbent position with mild opisthotonos. Address all correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Herman W. Barkema; e-mail: Nebbia C, Ceppa L, Dacasto M, et al. Monensin has been tested to determine its toxicity and safety in cattle. Growth rate is reduced, with poor feed conversion. Clinicopathologic changes induced by monensin are consistent with dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and muscle damage. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Ionophore toxicoses. Abortions and stillbirths may be seen in some pregnant cattle 514 days after an exposure to excessive nitrates. Some ammonia-based disinfectants kill the oocysts but can only be used in areas vacated by animals. Weeds that commonly have high nitrate concentrations include pigweed, lambs-quarter, thistle, Jimson weed, fireweed (Kochia), smartweed, dock, and Johnson grass. Bastianello SS, McGregor HL, Penrith ML, et al. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The label must carry, and the user must comply with, both the g/ton (11 to 400 g/ton) and mg/head/day (185 to 660 mg/head/day monensin for lactating cows or 115 to 410 mg/head/day monensin for dry . Van Vleet JF, Amstutz HE, Weirich WE, et al. Because coccidiosis does not typically occur in the first 3 weeks of life, it is not considered part of the neonatal diarrhea complex Diarrhea in Neonatal Ruminants Neonatal diarrhea in ruminants remains the most important cause of death in calves under one month of age. Death losses commenced on the third day after ingestion of a toxic amount in the feed. and transmitted securely. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. The ionophores approved for use in cattle include monensin (Rumensin), lasalocid (Bovatec) and laidlomycin propionate (Cattlyst). When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Hall JO. Ionophore antibiotics such as monensin and lasalocid are commonly used feed additives for controlling coccidiosis, bloat and improving efficiency of weight gain in cattle. The LD1 (lethal dose in which 1% of exposed cattle die) of monensin is estimated to be 2.5 mg/lb of body weight. It can also be administered at 40 mg/kg in calf starter ration, beginning at 2 days and continuing for 12 weeks. 4th ed. E. L. Potter and others, Monensin Toxicity in Cattle, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 58, Issue 6, June 1984, Pages 14991511, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.5861499x. The owner of a 64-head Holstein-Friesian dairy herd reported an acute onset of illness. Cardiac troponin I has proven to be a highly specific and sensitive marker for myocardial cellular damage in many mammalian species (10). In cattle, the clinical signs of acute monensin toxicity are anorexia (24 to 36 h post ingestion), diarrhea, dullness, weakness, ataxia, dyspnea, prostration, and death within 3 to 14 d of the ingestion of the incriminated feed (1,2,6-8). The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. As an aid in the prevention of coccidiosis caused by Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in cattle. At the time of the incident, the 64 lactating cows were, on average, 194 d in milk (DIM). Claim to . Lasalocid is also effective as a coccidiostat when fed free-choice in salt at a level of 0.75% of the total salt mixture. Young pigs also have gastrointestinal flora capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite, but adult monogastric animals (except equids) are more resistant to nitrate toxicosis because this metabolic pathway is age-limited. Lethal dose (LD) is one way to measure the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of a material and is usually expressed as the amount of chemical administered in milligrams per kilogram of the body weight of the animal. Toxicity. The calves should have a satisfactory stocking density to avoid overcrowding, with all feed troughs and water sources raised to decrease fecal contamination. The prepatent period forE bovis and E zuernii is about 1521 days, with a patent period of about 11 days (517 days). The farmers reported that some cows were reluctant to enter the barn. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal lintrieur de neuf jours, tous les animaux se sont rtablis et la production laitire est revenue au niveau antrieur. Monensin toxicity is particularly evident in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells (8). Nitrate in plants can be converted to nitrite under favorable conditions of moisture, heat, and microbial activity after harvesting. Cases in Britain increased after the mid-1990s, possibly because of removal of the previous routine inclusion of coccidiostats in calf feeds. Some experimental studies have shown that the weight reduction in young calves was maintained throughout at least their first grazing season. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Continued severe respiratory distress can lead to interstitial pulmonary emphysema. Most infections of veterinary health importance are by G duodenalis, a species complex read more ) may be more severely affected than calves with coccidial infections alone. Monensin toxicity had been recognized in many species of mammals. Lasalocid is approved in cattle, sheep, chickens, rabbits, turkeys, chickens, and partridges. This form is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. The herds milk production required approximately 6 d to return to previous levels, providing evidence that in dairy cattle the ingestion of toxic levels of monensin, even over a short period of time, can have economic consequences. Single dose acute toxicity and signs associated with toxicity were determined by oral gavage, 7-d oral gavage and feeding experiments with high concentrations of monensin in feed. For example, the median lethal dose for monensin in horses is 23 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg in dogs, and 2080 mg/kg in cattle. On postmortem examination, visual changes are often not apparent, and smears of intestinal contents or lining show various coccidial development stages. Although originally developed for poultry, monensin has beneficial health and growth-promoting properties when fed to cattle. Goodrich RD, Garrett JE, Gast DR, Kirick MA, Larson DA, Meiske JC. Additional postmortem specimens in cases of abortion include fetal pleural or thoracic fluids, fetal stomach contents, and maternal uterine fluid. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. A chronic cardiomyopathy in feedlot cattle attributed to toxic levels of salinomycin in the feed. Abstract: The consumption of monensin-containing feed resulted in deaths of water buffaloes from a feedlot in which cattle and buffaloes were kept together. Diclazuril (1 mg/kg, PO, once) or toltrazuril (15 mg/kg, PO, once) administered 14 days after animals are moved into group housing can effectively prevent diarrhea due to coccidiosis. Thank you, your email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the link in the confirmation email. Bovine coccidiosis occurs indoors and, slightly less often, outside. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Rapid, weak heartbeat with decreased body temperature, muscular tremors, weakness, and ataxia are early signs of toxicosis at methemoglobinemia levels of 30%40%. Immunity is only mounted to the specific Eimeria spp to which the animal is exposed. Nitrate test strips (dipsticks) are effective in determining nitrate values in water supplies and can be used to evaluate nitrate and nitrite concentrations in serum, plasma, ocular fluid, and urine. In Scandinavia, E alabamensis occurs after calf turnout. Bulk tank milk fat and protein levels were evaluated weekly. According to this, LD1 can be estimated as being 3300 mg for a 600 kg bovine animal (4). Finding the Cause for Abortions and Stillbirths in Cattle- Why is it still so Difficult? Note to user: Coccidiosis occurs sporadically in first lactation dairy heifers, but is not considered a significant disease in mature dairy cows. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Cephalosporins and Cephamycins Use in Animals, Quinolones, Including Fluoroquinolones, Use in Animals, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Combinations Use in Animals, Reviewed/Revised Sep 2022 | Modified Nov 2022. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Chronic nitrate toxicosis remains poorly characterized. Nitrate toxicosis can also result from accidental ingestion of fertilizer or other chemicals. 1999; Bila et al. In: Howard JL, ed. An all-in/all-out system should be used for groups entering and moving pens. See below. Severely affected animals may collapse and die quickly from anoxia. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition may be detected by feeding history but may require blood samples for specific problems. Effect of monensin on the performance of cattle on pasture or fed harvested forages in confinement. It improves feed efficiency, the rate of gain in cattle and reduces the incidence of feedlot bloat and acidosis. There were no apparent changes in the percent fat or percent protein during or immediately after the exposure period (data not shown). By late afternoon, although many cows were reported to prefer staying in sternal recumbency, all of them were able to rise and go to pasture. An official website of the United States government. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. Deaths can occur for extended periods after exposure has stopped depending on the severity of the permanent heart damage. The samples of the 6 cows that seemed to be most dull were submitted for hematologic analysis and determination of liver, muscle, and kidney enzymes; serum proteins; selenium; magnesium; calcium; phosphorus; and other electrolytes. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. A latent period may exist between excessive maternal dietary nitrate exposure and equilibrium in perinatal ocular fluid. o [alopecia OR hair loss ]. Intoxication au monensin dans un troupeau laitier. It is reported to be particularly useful for weaned calves that develop bloody diarrhea after arrival at a feedlot. Use OR to account for alternate terms Monensin toxicity in cattle. However, only four (E alabamensis, E auburnensis, E bovis, and E zuernii) are usually associated with clinical disease. Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. 2012 Mar;28(1):107-19, ix. The species include Eimeria alabamensis, E auburnensis, E bovis, E brasiliensis, E bukidnonensis, E canadensis, E cylindrica, E ellipsoidalis, E pellita, E subspherica, E wyomingensis, and E zuernii. Monensin is a polyether antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis. In cattle, the clinical signs of acute monensin toxicity are loss of appetite (24 to 36 hours post ingestion), diarrhea, dullness, weakness, loss of balance or stumbling, difficulty breathing, and death within 3 to 14 days after ingestion of the incriminated feed. The 70th Committee meeting considered monensin A to be a suitable marker residue in both milk and tissues. The nitrate ion (NO 3-) is reduced to nitrite ion (NO 2- ), which is rapidly absorbed and leads to the formation of methemoglobin, which inhibits oxygen transport. Coccidiosis is difficult to reliably control because oocyst numbers rapidly increase in suitable conditions. They may also serve as therapeutic agents for certain noninfectious diseases, (eg, cyanide poisoning). Diclazuril (1 mg/kg, PO, once) or toltrazuril (15 mg/kg, PO, once) administered to all affected calves and others in the group decreases oocyst production. Monensin is primarily metabolized and excreted by the liver and is rapidly eliminated in the feces. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Typically, the life cycle of bovine coccidia involves two asexual reproducing generations and then a sexual reproducing generation that releases resistant oocysts into the feces. Use of amprolium in calves is controversial because it can cause thiamine deficiency and associated neurologic disease. However, poisonings do occur and are often due to accidental contamination of feed and feed supplements for the wrong species (horses, for example) or errors in feed mixing resulting in excessive concentrations in the diets of cattle. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Such wasting and debility occurs most especially with E bovis. 2001). Death is a potential outcome. The nitrate ion (NO. Concentration of cardiac troponin I in a horse with a ruptured aortic regurgitation jet lesion and ventricular tachycardia. Overview of meta-analysis of monensin in dairy cattle. Lower dosages may be repeated in 2030 minutes if the initial response is not satisfactory. These values, together with the return of the cows to their expected food intake, suggested a complete recovery of the lactating herd from the intoxication. Infection is from contaminated environments, particularly when conditions are moist and warm. Potter EL, Muller RD, Wray MI, Carroll LH, Meyer RM. The mucosa is thickened, congested, and edematous with petechial or larger hemorrhages. Plasma is the preferred antemortem specimen, because some plasma proteinbound nitrite could be lost due to clotting if serum is collected. Mixing minerals are designed to be mixed in feed before offering to cattle to control intake. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. The daily production for the prior 2 d was 28.0 kg/cow/d, which was relatively stable over the previous 2-week period. Anything that stunts growth increases nitrate accumulation in the roots and lower stalks of plants. All the bovine Eimeria spp are host-specific. Sulfaquinoxaline (13 mg/kg, PO in the drinking water, every 24 hours for 35 days) is approved by the US FDA for coccidiosis control. The clinical signs seen in the outbreak described here started within 24 h of initial exposure to the . This made infectious causes, such as bovine viral diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, and parasitic infections, unlikely. However, postmortem ocular fluid nitrate concentrations are relatively stable and remain diagnostically relevant for up to 60 hours after death. Confounding metabolic interactions with nonprotein nitrogen, monensin, and other feed components may exacerbate effects of excessive nitrate content in animal diets, especially when coupled with management errors. Equilibrium between aqueous and vitreous humor is by passive diffusion rather than by active secretion, so nitrate or nitrite may be present in comparatively lesser concentrations in vitreous humor after acute exposure. Gossypol Poisoning in Animals. Initial infection appears immunosuppressive and reduces neutrophil function, thereby making the host more susceptible to other infections or increasing their severity. Environmental and management factors, such as weather, housing, feeding practices, and how animals are grouped, are important in determining the expression of clinical coccidiosis in cattle. 1989; Bezerra et al. Accidental monensin sodium intoxication of feedlot cattle. Contributors include members of the OSU Beef Team and beef cattle specialists and economists from across the U.S. With a dry start to the summer, is creep feeding right for your operation? Helminth eggs can be seen. Schweitzer D , Kimberling C , Spraker T , Sterner FE , McChesney AE J Am Vet Med Assoc , 184(10):1273-1276, 01 May 1984 O uso inadequado desse antibitico tem, no entanto, causado intoxicao em animais, com o falso conceito de qu. toxicosis due to cyanide, urea, pesticides, toxic gases (eg, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide), chlorates, aniline dyes, aminophenols, or drugs (eg, sulfonamides, phenacetin, and acetaminophen), various infectious or noninfectious diseases (eg, grain overload, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, pulmonary adenomatosis, or emphysema), any other cause of sudden, unexplained deaths, Slow IV injection of 1%2% methylene blue at 415 mg/kg; retreatment may be necessary, Affected animals should be handled such to minimize stress, Any source of continued exposure to excess nitrates should be removed. 2003 Mar 22;152(12):376. They are sometimes incorporated into pellets fed on ships. Nitrate ions are reduced to nitrite ions in the rumen and rapidly absorbed, forming methemoglobin which results in hypoxia. It should be ensured that the feed and water troughs are not contaminated. Quantitative oocyst counts on individual rectal samples from at least five calves in a pen, some with and without clinical signs, can be helpful to confirm coccidiosis as a cause of clinical disease. Enter your library card number to sign in. The close association between the onset of clinical signs and the introduction of the new feed prompted the farmers to contact the feed company. Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. Extralabel use of medicated feeds is permissible in minor species provided stipulations are met. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Thus, calves should be kept as unstressed as possible. Various bacterial, viral, and protozoal agents are recognized as causative agents, read more in calves. Resistance to ionophores is likely adaptive in nature and is less likely via mutation or gene acquisition. Decoquinate (1 mg/kg, PO in feed, every 24 hours for 28 days) treats coccidiosis in calves; using a 60 g/kg premix at 1.67 kg/ton of feed provides the recommended treatment dose of 100 mg/kg of feed, allowing 500 g of feed for a 50-kg calf for 28 days. o [ canine influenza] If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The most important differential diagnoses for the profuse diarrhea would be bovine viral diarrhea; winter dysentery; salmonellosis (Dublin and Typhimurium); malignant catarrhal fever; ruminal acidosis; parasitic infections, such as ostertagiosis; and Fusarium intoxication. In this case, the rapid association of the clinical signs that the herd showed with the introduction of the new concentrate, followed by the prompt removal of the concentrate, may have allowed the farmer to avoid more severe consequences and losses. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Ruminants are especially vulnerable because ruminal flora reduce nitrate to ammonia, with nitrite (~10 times more toxic than nitrate) as an intermediate product during digestion. government site. Use to remove results with certain terms In acutely poisoned ruminant livestock, nitrate and nitrite concentrations as high as 300 ppm and 2550 ppm, respectively, can be found in plasma or serum, with about one-third less in postmortem ocular fluid because of delayed equilibrium via diffusion. It has been reported that the half-life of nitrate in beef cattle, sheep, and ponies was 7.7, 4.2, and 4.8 hours, respectively. One potential reason this occurs is certain types of antibiotics may delay clearance of monensin by the liver, resulting in accumulation to toxic levels. A concentration of 1 mg/kg is recommended as being effective and rapid when outbreaks of coccidiosis are anticipated. 2012 Nov 14;3:111-127. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S28770. Although all ionophores can be toxic, this article will focus on monensin, due to the amount of information available and use in the cattle industry since the mid-1970s. All rights reserved. Disclaimer. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature.
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rumensin poisoning in cattle
