AD can be caused by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. PMID: 31001621. Aging: the progressive, event-dependent decline in the ability to maintain biochemical and physiological function. Data showing a remarkable gender difference in life expectancy and mortality, including survival to extreme age, are reviewed starting from clinical and demographic data and stressing the importance of a comprehensive historical perspective and a geneenvironment/lifestyle interaction. Harvie M.N., Pegington M., Mattson M.P., Frystyk J., Dillon B., Evans G., Cuzick J., Jebb S.A., Martin B., Cutler R.G., et al. Nutrients. Fish E.N. Fouweather T., Gillies C., Wohland P., Van Oyen H., Nusselder W., Robine J.M., Cambois E., Jagger C. Comparison of socio-economic indicators explaining inequalities in Healthy Life Years at age 50in Europe: 2005 and 2010. For example, a population's life expectancy at birth is the same as the average age at death for all people born in the same year (in the case of cohorts ). Longevity may refer to especially long-lived members of a population, whereas life expectancy is defined statistically as the average number of years remaining at a given age. Recommendations for the older population arrived at by using genetic determinism will be unreliablewithout genetic determinism, it is a matter of chance. The short answer is that immune resilience, longevity, and better health outcomes tracked together well. Therefore interest in interventions able to recapture the beneficial effects of DR has grown. For instance, lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of cancer deaths among men in almost all EU states. Sansoni P., Vescovini R., Fagnoni F., Biasini C., Zann,i F., Zanlari L., Telera A., Lucchini G., Passeri G., Monti D., Franceschi C., Passeri M. The immune system in extreme longevity. Cull C.A., Neil H.A., Holman R.R. Previous reviews have described thoroughly the differences between aging and disease and the reasons why using disease as a research model for aging may not be tenable [5,6]. These biological and non-biological factors interact continuously lifelong, playing an overwhelming role in modulating health and/or the propensity to diseases and disabilities later in life. The epidemiological data suggest that the rate of aging and age-related disease may decrease in populations consuming foods high in antioxidants [16,17]. During aging, the decrease in gonadal hormones production is gradual in men (testosterone), whereas in women, the fall of oestrogen is quick after menopause when the incidence of AD suddenly increases [39,48]. Ambrosy A.P., Fonarow G.C., Butler J., Chioncel O., Greene S.J., Vaduganathan M., Nodari S., Lam C.S., Sato N., Shah A.N., Gheorghiade M. The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. In particular, the EU large project GEHA (Genetics of Healthy Ageing) studied 2200 ultra-nonagenarians (90+) from different EU countries belonging to 90+ sibpairs together with the same number of sex- and geographically-matched younger controls, and was able to identify different haplogroups related to longevity in males and females. Dog breeds differ in pain sensitivity, but these differences don't always match up with the beliefs people -- including veterinarians -- hold about breed-specific pain sensitivity. This consideration is reinforced by the fact that the importance of GM in human aging is dramatically emerging. Both fecundity at an older age and a high age at menopause have been associated with longevity [83]. Vural P., Akgul C., Canbaz M. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on plasma pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and some bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women. Evidence for sexual . In: Salvini S., editor. National Library of Medicine Altamirano F., Oyarce C., Silva P., Toyos M., Wilson C., Lavandero S., Uhln P., Estrada M. Testosterone induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway. However, spousal bereavement may not have the same implications for women and men. Olshansky, SJ. Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women after skin cancer in all EU countries. Among the mechanisms mediating the effects of DR, particular attention has to be paid to nutrient-sensing pathways, such as IIS [insulin and IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signalling] by their transcription factor FOXO (forkhead box O) or via mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), which are considered key modulators of lifespan and the aging process [102,103]. At present, the microbiota associated with the intestinal tract [GM (gut microbiota)] is the most studied. The purpose of this commentary is to briefly discuss the difference between aging and longevity and why knowing the difference is important to nutrition research and to establishing the most precise nutritional recommendations possible for the older population. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Populations of Drosophila selected in the laboratory for their timing of reproduction showed that late-life reproducers do indeed live significantly longer than flies having their highest rate of reproduction early in the life span (Figure 2). The negative effect of the APOE (apolipoprotein E) 4 allele, one of the most established genetic risk factors for AD, may explain, at least in part, this gender gap. Adriana Lleras-Muney. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and subhaplogroups are associated with Parkinson's disease risk in a Polish PD cohort. Throughout the 20th Century, mortality became concentrated in the older ages, non-communicable diseases became the prevailing causes of death, and a female survival advantage emerged and grew. Vrachnis N., Zygouris D., Iliodromiti Z., Daniilidis A., Valsamakis G., Kalantaridou S. Probing the impact of sex steroids and menopause-related sex steroid deprivation on modulation of immune senescence. Barlow B.K., Cory-Slechta D.A., Richfield E.K., Thiruchelvam M. The gestational environment and Parkinsons disease: Evidence for neurodevelopmental origins of a neurodegenerative disorder. Aging and longevity: why knowing the difference is important to nutrition research. In particular, women are more frequently affected by severe forms of osteoarthritis affecting the hand, foot and knee, and the incidence of this condition highly increases at the time of menopause, suggesting a role for oestrogens in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. At its very basic level, survival to reproduction age simply reflects the selection of genes that maintain free energy states conducive to life. Kramer P.R., Kramer S.F., Guan G. 17-Estradiol regulates cytokine release through modulation of CD16 expression in monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. In Figure 1, the main aspects of immunosenescence [8692] are shown and it is indicated that age-related changes in immune cells and inflammatory mediators, i.e. Franceschi C., Campisi J. Nat Rev Genet. Fontana L., Partridge L., Longo V.D. Before Interestingly, a breakfast diet (980 kcal breakfast, 640 kcal lunch and 190 kcal dinner; 1 kcal=4.184 kJ) on lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome improves glucose metabolism, decreases free testosterone and increases the ovulation rate with respect to an isocaloric dinner diet (190 kcal breakfast, 640 kcal lunch and 980 kcal dinner) [117]. On the other hand, aging is not a product of selective evolution. Several papers have described the effects of a 4-week fully controlled isoenergetic Mediterranean diet on a group of 38 men and 32 pre-menopausal women (2453years). Johnson V.L., Hunter D.J. Bdard A., Tchernof A., Lamarche B., Corneau L., Dodin S., Lemieux S. Effects of the traditional Mediterranean diet on adiponectin and leptin concentrations in men and premenopausal women: do sex differences exist? Pros.it [grant number CTN01_00230_413096 (to C.F.)] Longevity has evolved as a by-product of genes selected for their contribution in helping the organism survive to the age of reproduction. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increases in aged women but not in men. In conclusion, the development of a gender-specific medicine is of the utmost importance in order to complete our understanding of the main mechanisms of aging as well as the differences in prevention, care, treatment, evolution and outcomes of non-communicable diseases in both genders. Ragonese P., D'Amelio M., Salemi G., Aridon P., Gammino M., Epifanio A., Morgante L., Savettieri G. Risk of Parkinson disease in women: effect of reproductive characteristics. Hamiltons mathematics agreed with Medawars verbal speculation that genes did indeed affect events leading to either aging and/or longevity. That is to say, there are different forces at play. It is noteworthy that women will soon spend half of their life in post-menopause, if the current trend of increasing human life expectancy should persist. Genetic studies in yeast, C. elegans, and Drosophila have also shown that genes affecting life span have been selected first and foremost for their role in enhancing survival to reproduction age (see review [14]). Within this scenario, it is even better to speak about a gender-specific medicine and not only an indefinite and/or separated gender medicine since the gender perspective is broader, should be more pervasive and penetrate all specialties of medicine. Estrogen turns down the AIRE. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Moreover, the lack of predation, control of childhood diseases, and effective therapies for life-threatening disease have extended the human post-reproductive life span, making the distinction between aging and longevity even more difficult. Barton M., Meyer M.R. Immunosenescence is a multifaceted phenomenon that increases morbidity and mortality due to infections and age-related pathologies, and is characterized by changes in innate and adaptive immune responses to foreign antigens [84,85]. Much research has been carried out into the role of sex hormones in determining lifespan [67] and one hypothesis is that sex hormones appear to influence the immune system. The difference between chronological and biological age is that you can reverse the latter one. In general, with aging, a decrease in the biodiversity of the composition of the GM is observed, with a trend towards an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria (pathobionts) with respect to the beneficial ones (symbionts producing butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids) [157]. [4] So extending longevity means slowing or prolonging the aging process. Gender-differences in disease distribution and outcome in hospitalized elderly: data from the REPOSI study. Selection for delayed senescence in. Briefly, biological systems defend themselves against the unceasing disorder of entropy by continuously restoring the free energy lost to chemical reactions that maintain molecular fidelity (structure, function). CRC in women more frequently expresses microsatellite instability showing a lower sensitivity to fluoropyrimidines, cornerstone drugs for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma [35]. ON THIS WEEK'S episode of Have a Nice Future . During aging, a marked deviation from the equivalent ratio (50:50) between maternal and paternal X chromosome inactivation occurs (skewing of XCI) in blood cells and the concordance of XCI among tissues may weaken with age. Dykstra P.A., Fokkema T. Social and emotional loneliness among divorced and married men and women: comparing the deficit and cognitive perspectives. Beltrn-Snchez H., Finch C.E., Crimmins E.M. Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality. Lithuania, Spain, Latvia, Estonia, the Slovak Republic, Portugal and Croatia), the mortality rates for neoplasms in men are dramatically increased. Moreover, women over 65years of age have a higher frequency of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemias, central adiposity and hypertension (named the metabolic syndrome) which in turn is a greater risk factor for CVD in women [31,32]. Numerous risk factors for breast cancer in women have been identified, including age, personal history of certain benign breast diseases or breast cancer, early menstruation or late menopause, never having been pregnant or having a first pregnancy after age 30, use of oral contraceptives, family history of breast cancer, presence of certain genetic mutations (BRCA1 and BRCA2), history of radiation therapy to the chest, long-term use of combined hormone therapy, use of DES (diethylstilbestrol), increased breast density, alcohol use and obesity after menopause. government site. Refocusing nutrition and aging research to be consistent with the current understanding of the cause of aging may not be as difficult as it first may appear. The basic biological mechanisms responsible for gender differences in aging and longevity are quite complex and still poorly understood. In this commentary, we discuss the difference between aging and longevity and why knowing this difference is important to nutrition research. Pringsheim T., Jette N., Frolkis A., Steeves T.D.L. Nelson R.L., Dollear T., Freels S., Persky V. The relation of age, race, and gender to the subside location of colorectal carcinoma. By contrast, hypertension is more common in women than in men in the elderly population [17]. Mitochondria hyperfusion and elevated autophagic activity are key mechanisms for cellular bioenergetic preservation in centenarians. Achilli A., Olivieri A., Pala M., Hooshiar Kashani B., Carossa V., Perego U.A., Gandini F., Santoro A., Battaglia V., Grugni V., et al. Knowing the difference between aging and longevity will determine, in part, the scientific approach to research questions aimed at evaluating the impact that nutrition may have on the aging population. Some human studies have investigated the role of sex hormones in regulating the somatotropic axis (GH and IGF-1) underlining gender differences in the impact of suppression of the nutrient-sensing pathways on aging and longevity. Chinnery P.F., Elliot H.R., Syed A., Rothwell P.M. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and risk of transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a genetic association study. The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Bakhru P., Su M.A. HF (heart failure) is one of the major health threats of Western societies and affects up to 10% of the elderly, in absolute numbers more women than men [19]. Literature suggests that longevity runs in families through different generations [136] and, indeed, centenarian offspring appear to be healthier [137,138] and to have a more favourable biological signature [139] with respect to age-matched controls, thus representing a suitable model to identify early biological factors/markers correlated to healthy aging and higher risk of longevity. Supporting cells, those of the soma, would only need enough resources to accomplish their primary task of supporting the germ line. Another aspect deserving particular attention in the study of female longevity is the complex and contradictory role of mtDNA variability. Olsen N.J., Kovacs W.J. A comparative study of women from three large historical databases accounting for mortality selection Am. Nonetheless, hundreds if not thousands of publications exist describing research that either directly or indirectly implicate specific genes as being involved in age-related degeneration. A growing compilation of research is starting to point towards there being limits to human longevity. Hamilton W.D. The aging process more closely reflects chance events that affect biological systems during development or during the early reproductively-active years [3]. Biochimica et biophysica acta Molecular basis of disease. In addition, previous data reveal that a small portion (17%) of the genes on the inactivated X chromosome are partially active providing a further survival advantages for females [141]. While life expectancy after the age of 70 continues to increase, so too do the number of individuals living with age-related chronic conditions that affect daily activities. The difference in the epidemiology of hypertension between men and women deeply changes with age. In addition, most of the known super centenarians (i.e., humans who lived for > 110 years) are women. Wang Q., Santizo R., Baughman V.L., Pelligrino D.A., Iadecola C. Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats. In particular, mutations in subunits of OXPHOS complex I had a beneficial effect on longevity, whereas the simultaneous presence of mutations in complex I and III and in complex I and V seemed to be detrimental [148]. Thus female offspring of centenarian parents could represent a peculiar subgroup of women characterized by a survival advantage not accompanied by the worst quality of life typical of elderly women. The data from this study support the hypothesis that an increased number of SEMs might influence haemopoietic stem cells viability or might create conditions able to induce clonal stochastic loss of a specific typeof haemopoietic cells [146]. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Indeed, men and women differ not only biologically (biology, physiology and genetics), but also regarding lifestyle and habits (smoking, nutrition, physical activity, typeof work and education, among others) as well as regarding the capability of coping with stress (spousal bereavement, serving as care-givers to family members). As nouns the difference between aging and longevity is that aging is the process of becoming older or more mature while longevity is the quality of being long-lasting, especially of life. Heart failure in women: insights from the Framingham Heart Study. As such, the principle of genetic determinism provides an appropriate underlying theory for research designs evaluating nutritional factors involved with life span. The greater improvements in dietary intakes obtained in men with respect to women can explain, at least in part, these gender-related responses [123], but it is worth considering that gender differences in the remodelling, distribution and secretory activity of adipose tissue as well as the levels and ratio of androgenic and oestrogenic steroids may play a fundamental role in metabolism homoeostasis. Overall, human genetics will likely continue to provide growing insights into how we age and play a major role in identifying ways to slow aging, thus helping more people to age well and hopefully experience happier and more fulfilling lives. Systems biology and longevity: an emerging approach to identify innovative anti-aging targets and Strategies. PMID: 22254097; PMCID: PMC3257745. Taking advantage of the complete sequencing of a high number of mtDNA molecules, it was also possible to evaluate for the first time the cumulative effect of specific and concomitant mtDNA mutations, including those that have a low or very low impact. I. The present review focuses on centenarians and their offspring as a model of healthy aging and summarizes available knowledge on three basic biological phenomena, i.e. Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Currently, prostate cancer has become the most common cancer among men after skin cancer in the majority of EU countries, particularly among men aged 65years and over. Mario has researched centenarians on five continents and has identified a cultural component of longevity and suggests that rather than genetics, healthy longevity is mostly due to cultural beliefs. Recently, a link between Parkinsons and Alzheimers Disease and a toxic gestational environment during neurodevelopment has begun to emerge [21]. In general, long-lived individuals in present cohorts of the Fourth Age compared with those in the Third Age have lower education, lower occupational status at retirement, poorer health status, and lower levels of psychological functioning. Shaw A.C., Panda A., Joshi S.R., Qian F., Allore H.G., Montgomery R.R. The author wishes to acknowledge Jon Ramsey for his critical review of the manuscript, and Jennifer Ruhe for her technical assistance. Nevertheless, the survival is better in female patients with respect to male patients [34]. A historical perspective of demographic data on gender and longevity in Italy is shown in Box 1.
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difference between aging and longevity
