In this process, one NADH and two ATP molecules are formed. Betaproteobacteria is a heterogeneous group in the phylum Proteobacteria whose members can be found in a range of habitats from wastewater and hot springs to the Antarctic. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. Through the conversion of the 3-phosphoglycerate, it becomes a little more reactive (by being more unstable) as 2-phosphoglycerate. It is derived from the Greek words; glykys, sweet, and lysis, meaning breakdown. What is the enzyme used? Therefore, at this particular step, the total net of ATP produced is zero given the process has only given back the two ATPs that were initially used. Read more, Physiopedia 2023 | Physiopedia is a registered charity in the UK, no. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). So it's behaving in the same way with or without oxygen. Direct link to Nicholas Cook-Rostie's post The ATPs originally came , Posted 8 years ago. Direct link to Nicholas Cook-Rostie's post One important note is tha, Posted 7 years ago. The cytoplasm is the place where glycolysis occurs in every living organism. Become an Event Exhibitor, (800)-999-IDEA (4332) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/glycolysis/a/glycolysis, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/glycolysis.html, http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/glycolysis-10-steps-explained-steps-by-steps-with-diagram/, http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0000619.html, The immunometabolic regulatory mechanisms for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, Dietary dicarbonyls may improve insulin sensitivity and reduce type 2 diabetes risk, Study identifies novel neutrophil biomarkers of delayed recovery in COVID-19, Scientists unveil a metabolic Achilles' heel in pancreatic cancer, Changes in brain aerobic glycolysis reflect aging-related pathologies in Alzheimers, An emerging target for chronic kidney disease treatment - DNA-PKcs, Men exposed to industrial air pollution exhibit sperm mitochondrial DNA deletions, Brain's glucose metabolism: Key to unlocking new therapies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, First programmable RNA-guided system found in eukaryotes, New method can track the complete activity of proteins in living cells, Duke researchers expand functionality of CRISPR gene editing, AI may hold the key to a sharper and more precise DNA scissor technology, Scientists discover new way to defeat invisible cancer cells, A New Breed of Vaccine: Exploring Doggybone DNA Technology, Recent Technological Advancements in Medicines Manufacturing, Exploring the Global Clinical and Preclinical Antibacterial Pipelines, Using edible fungi to create sustainable systems for food production, ACROBiosystems Aneuro Partners with Diagnostic Biochips to Accelerate Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Predatory bacteria could be used to purify water in the future, study suggests, New method can create plant-based meat substitutes with better texture, MGI Partners with Xpress Genomics to Advance Deep Single-cell RNA-Sequencing Technologies. Fermentation is a primary metabolic strategy for lots of bacteriaincluding our friend from the introduction, Posted 8 years ago. As mentioned, the glucose transporters located on the cell membrane are capable of transporting glucose in and out of the cell. The process has used two ATP molecules so far., *Unlike fructose 6-phosphate, which can be stored as glycogen, fructose 1, 6-biphosphate cannot be stored. No wonder clients can sustain an aerobic activity longer than an anaerobic one! . Robert A Harris and Edwin T Harper. Then, unstable fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits in two, forming two three-carbon molecules called DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae. Direct link to wardatajammal's post what is the difference be, Posted 7 years ago. Complete oxidation of glucose via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain produces 36 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose broken down (Robergs & Roberts 1997). A single glucose molecule consumes 2 ATP molecules and produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and two pyruvates. Phosphofructokinase4. Phosphoglucoisomerase3. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Here, because two (2) 3- phosphoglycerate are involved in the reaction, then two molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced. Whereas ATP is formed through the addition of a phosphoryl group onto the ADP molecule, the pyruvate molecule is formed by replacing the phosphoryl group with a hydrogen ion.. His formula for atomic energy, E = mc2, has become the most recognized mathematical formula in the world. If a cell able to perform aerobic respiration is in a situation where there is no oxygen (such as muscles under extreme exertion), it will move into a type of anaerobic respiration called homolactic fermentation. The enzyme which catalyzes the reaction is aldolase. Glycolysis is important because it is the metabolic pathway through which glucose generates cellular energy. Step 3 of the reaction is indicated by a 3 inside a circle and has an arrow pointing from Fructose-6-phosphate towards the chemical structure and label fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. First, glucose is converted into pyruvate and then pyruvate into lactate. White fibers of skeletal muscle4. In the cells like skeletal muscle cells, pyruvate is reduced into lactate. Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most important source of energy for all living organisms. analyse site usage and support us in providing free open access scientific content. Exercise intolerance is caused by muscle Phosphofructokinase deficiency. ADP and NAD stand for Adenosine diphosphate and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively. Energy investment phase. By my understanding, phosphates are often freely floating throughout the cell. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post True. Glycolysis has ten steps, and depending on your interestsand the classes youre takingyou may want to know the details of all of them. with these terms and conditions. This reaction is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase in the presence of ADP. IDEA Committees Understanding how energy is produced for physical activity is important when it comes to programming exercise at the proper intensity and duration for your clients. In the presence of the enzyme Triose-phosphate isomerase, they can be readily interconverted from one to the other.. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. (Glucose transporters transport only free glucose, not phosphorylated glucose) Reaction 2: Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. but in the next step, 3-bis, theres still 4H. This phase is also called the energy extraction phase. what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis? Oxygen, as the leader of metabolism, knows that it is worth the wait, as it controls the fate of endurance and is the sustenance of life. Pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes hemolytic anemia. Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate by phosphohexose isomerase. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Select the best definition of metabolism. Where do we get the energy to move? The first step is for the glucose molecule to split into two three-carbon molecules, which are known as pyruvates. This stage of glycolysis involves the breakdown of the molecule into two 3 carbon molecules. An aldehyde group is attached to the first carbon atom. There are ten enzymes that are used in this process.1. However, by adding a Phosphoryl group onto this sugar molecule, it's trapped and cannot be transported out of the cell. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. We need to make sure we take in enough carbohydrates to keep our glycogen stores full. (2001). From this point, the molecule can split to form two three-carbon sugars with a phosphate group attached, known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and DHAP, which is also converted to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. You would write: What is unusual about fructose being metabolized in the liver vs other tissue types? Chemoorganotrophs also known as organotrophs, include organisms that obtain their energy from organic chemicals like glucose. The body has many ways to make ATP, which can be seen by looking at the vast amount of metabolic reactions that occur with the body. Since the backward reaction is an aldol condensation, the enzyme is called aldolase. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that helpextract energy from glucose. In the human body, glucose is the preferred fuel for the vast majority of cells: Immediately upon finishing glycolysis, the cell must continue respiration in either an aerobic or anaerobic direction; this choice is made based on the circumstances of the particular cell. Direct link to farha.elgammal's post in step 6 in the detailed, Posted 8 years ago. The diagram begins with an image of the chemical structure and name glucose and an arrow pointing towards the chemical structure and name glucose-6-phosphate. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. 1173185. for diagnosis or treatment. The hydrolysis and resynthesis of ATP is thus a circular processATP is hydrolyzed into ADP and Pi, and then ADP and Pi combine to resynthesize ATP. It is an essential molecule for the brain, retina, as well as for erythrocytes. One molecule of glucose (plus coenzymes and inorganic phosphate) makes two molecules of pyruvate (or pyruvic acid) and two molecules of ATP. Hence, it is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EM pathway). Requested URL: byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-the-main-purpose-of-glycolysis/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.5060.114 Safari/537.36 Edg/103.0.1264.62. An effective way to improve endurance is to increase the glycogen stores in skeletal muscle and the liver before the commencement of exercise. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that helpextract energy from glucose. An ADP is converted to an ATP in this reaction. Following acetyl-CoA formation, fat metabolism is identical to carbohydrate metabolism, with acetyl-CoA entering the Krebs cycle and the electrons being transported to the electron transport chain to form ATP and water. For glycolysis to start, glucose has to be transported into the cell (from the gut and into the epithelial cells) where the process occurs. This is a redox reaction in which NAD+ is converted to NADH (with the release of an H+ ion). An inorganic phosphate is also a reactant for this reaction, which is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Albert Einstein discovered that the total energy of an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the square of the speed of light. A series of reactions that convert pyruvate molecules into Acetyl CoA and then CO2 and H2O. Fermentation and gets turned into lactate or ethanol. This reaction releases energy as the molecules become more stable by converting one NAD+ to NADH and two ADP to ATP for each glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecule. In order to convert the dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketone) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (an aldose), the enzyme has to transfer the hydrogen located on the first carbon of the dihydroxyacetone phosphate to the second carbon of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Privacy Policy. Each step is catalyzed by its own specific enzyme, whose name is indicated below the reaction arrow in the diagram below. Phosphoglucose isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is, Which structural and functional features listed are key to an enzymes activity?, Enzymes are necessary for cells because and more. start superscript, 2, comma, 3, end superscript, start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #6495ed, N, A, D, end color #6495ed, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, 2, start text, e, end text, start superscript, minus, end superscript, 2, start text, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, start text, start color #6495ed, N, A, D, end color #6495ed, end text, start text, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start text, space, start color #9d38bd, H, end color #9d38bd, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript, Why the 1st phase are same in aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Through the action of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (in the presence of 2, 3-biphosphoglycerate), 3-phosphoglycerate, the molecule produced in the previous step, is transformed into 2-phosphoglycerate. So 34 plus 4, it does get us to the promised 38 ATP that you would expect in a . The end products of glycolysis are two ATPs, two NADH, and two pyruvates. Phosphofructokinase-1 is the key enzyme in glycolysis that regulates the breakdown of glucose. not sure how this happens. true. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. In aerobic states, the pyruvic acid will enter the mitochondria where oxidative phosphorylation will occur. 2. Renal medulla6. Steps of Cellular Respiration Here are three important steps of cellular respiration. For various organisms, energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required for biochemical reactions (e.g. In a scenario where there is already too much ATP in the cell, then there is no reason for the continued production of ATP. In aerobic states, pyruvic acid enters the citric acid cycle. There are two main types of glycolysis; aerobic and anaerobic. While they have the same formula, the atoms are arranged differently which in turn means that they have different properties. MicroscopeMaster.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Unlock the latest industry research, tools and exclusive offers. Raheel Chaudhry; Matthew Varacallo. Definition Glycolysis is a series of reactions for the breakdown of Glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two molecules of pyruvate (a 3-carbon molecule) under aerobic conditions; or lactate under anaerobic conditions along with the production of a small amount of energy. The arrow has the enzyme hexokinase written below the arrow, and there is a looped arrow showing ATP going in and ADP being released. Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many Organisms: Biochemistry. Simply put, the liver is really well equipped and prepared to metabolise it and also fructose, as opposed to glucose for example, seems to be a better substrate for glycogen synthesis in the liver. This process is known as chemoorganotrophy. However, glycolysis doesnt require oxygen, and many anaerobic organismsorganisms that do not use oxygenalso have this pathway. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway involving 10 steps where there is the conversion of glucose into lactic acid. * Glycolysis was discovered in 1897 by Hans Buchner and Eduard Buchner, German scientists, as they sought to manufacture cell-free yeast extract. Energy payoff phase. The other 3 carbon molecule is known as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and also consists of 3 carbons and a phosphoryl group. This means that the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate will largely depend on the needs of the cell.. Biochemistry, Glycolysis. Here, the fructose molecule, fructose 1, 6-biphosphate, is first opened up in order to expose the carbon bond to be cleaved. In anaerobic states, the pyruvic acid will stay in the cytoplasm where the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase will convert it to lactate. cells (see Energy System Characteristics below). Thus, very little energy is produced through this pathway, but the trade-off is that you get the energy quickly. Produces two NADH, two ATPs, and two Pyruvate molecules. The ATPs originally came from your mother through parental nutrition, while you where developing in the womb. It can be one of the following three. She is passionate about how medicine, diet and lifestyle affect our health and enjoys helping people understand this. What is affirmative action? Direct link to Devansh Shah's post DHAP gets converted to G3, Posted 4 years ago. The metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen are responsible for most of the cellular energy produced by the body. Regular anaerobic exercise increases your body's ability to store glycogen, giving you more energy during intense physical activity. This reaction requires energy in the form of two ATP molecules. Arsenic replaces phosphate in glycolysis steps, which is why arsenic poisoning prevents ATP synthesis. Difference between Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis, Difference between Glycolysis and Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle/TCA cycle), Net energy (ATP) yield per molecule of Glucose in Glycolysis. Glucose is a monosaccharide molecule that has six carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms. Once it has been opened up, the enzyme Aldolase then acts on the carbon bond thus cleaving the molecule to produce two 3 carbon molecules.. See also: Anaerobic Metabolic Conditioning. The free fatty acids, which are composed of a long chain of carbon atoms, are transported to the muscle mitochondria, where the carbon atoms are used to produce acetyl-CoA (a process called beta-oxidation). Acts as a way to get some ATP even when oxygen levels are low. a. breaking down ATP, so that ADP and P can be reused b. producing complex molecules from chemical building blocks c. transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can . The cytoplasm is the place where glycolysis occurs in every living organism. In the Investment phase, where did the 2 atps come from that were used up? After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system. Here, the enzyme removes a hydroxyl molecule located on the first carbon and hydrogen from the second carbon to form a water molecule.. B. Metabolism refers to the collection of cellular reactions that break down substances to release energy. This reaction releases a water molecule. 1. Two. experiment. Glycolysis consists of an energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase. The Fructose molecule formed during the isomerization stage undergoes phosphorylation thus making it even more reactive. 2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by enolase. However, the production of ATP is never achieved by the exclusive use of one energy system, but rather by the coordinated response of all energy systems contributing to different degrees. These are proteins with substrate binding sites on which glucose molecules bind in order to be transported. Here, then, glucose, the main source of energy, has to be broken down through several subsequent processes in order to release this chemical energy. This article is easy and conscise, Tnks for ur brother assistant, may God be with u ameen, Thank you so much for this informative ppt, This explanation is amazing !! At the end of the aerobic glycolysis process, a total of seven (08) ATPs are produced. There are two basic ways of accomplishing this. Pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia. (Payoff phase). The main purpose of glycolysis is to provide pyruvate for the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cycle, not to make adenosine 5-triphosphate. It is the foundation of both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. WHERE GLYCOLYSIS TAKES PLACE, DEFINITION, AND STEPS OF THE GLYCOLYSIS PATHWAY. Suppose that we gave one molecule of glucose to you and one molecule of glucose to, Overall, the metabolism of glucose in one of your cells would be pretty different from its metabolism in. 2000). The oxidation of free fatty acids yields many more ATP molecules than the oxidation of glucose or glycogen. What are the main products of glycolysis? In organisms that perform cellular respiration, glycolysis is the first stage of this process. Available: breaking muscle 1. It's just movement of hydrogen. More info. It is present in the liver, where it removes the glucose from the portal vein following a meal. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. Glycolysis Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain Glycolysis? As such, it has been shown to be one of the most ancient metabolic pathways that could occur even in the simplest cells (earliest prokaryotic . This reaction is facilitated by either of the two enzymes mentioned above depending on the type of cells involved. So the glucose gets trapped inside the cell. Read more here. So the next time your clients get done with a workout and think, I have a lot of energy, youll know exactly where they got it. MicroscopeMaster website is for educational purposes only. Direct link to Syasya Jee's post In the highlight glycolys, Posted 8 years ago. *Addition of the phosphoryl group has also been shown to make the sugar molecule more reactive, less stable as compared to the original sugar molecule/glucose, and thus ready for glycolysis. The pyruvate enters into the tricarboxylic acid cycle if enough oxygen is present or is fermented into lactic acid or ethanol if not. The assassination of the Rev. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration? Glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate. Where does it occur within the cell?, What is the first reaction in glycolysis? Login Study Materials NCERT Solutions NCERT Solutions For Class 12 NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions For Class 12 Chemistry Deltaproteobacteria is a large group (Class) of Gram-negative bacteria within the Phylum Proteobacteria. . Main content. The reduction of pyruvate is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. During this phase, the phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate occurs. History So this step is energetically favored. The metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen are responsible for most of the cellular energy produced by the body. Find out how to advertise on MicroscopeMaster! 4. The following equation well summarizes the process of glycolysis: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ 2C3H4O3 + 2H2O + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+. Fructose-6-phosphate is further phosphorylated to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Smith, Yolanda. Since our muscles dont store much ATP, we must constantly resynthesize it. It is vital for the formation of new glucose. Once fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is formed it will be broken down to the two carbon molecules at the same speed. changes over time. It lasts from roughly ten seconds into physical activity up to about two to three minutes. Pyruvate kinase. It is the pathway of all cells in the body. It is the main source of energy for the red blood cells.2. It helped us to understand and memorize the steps of glycolysis very easily. during running which requires more energy), then the equilibrium has to shift to the right. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work, Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced., 2 and more. Glycolysis is a lengthy process. At the end of glycolysis, were left with two. Direct link to 's post when NAD is turned into N, Posted 7 years ago. . According to his equation, any change in the energy of an object causes a change in the mass of that object. Copyright 2023 IDEA Health & Fitness Association. This step is irreversible. (2014).Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Fifth Edition.. A hydrogen ion is also important for the reaction given that it replaces the phosphoryl group located on the phosphoenolpyruvate molecule thus allowing the group to be added to the ADP molecule. News-Medical. It consists of ecologically and metabolically diverse members. The first step in the payoff phase is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to a high-energy compound, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. Privacy Policyby Hayley Andersonat MicroscopeMaster.comAll rights reserved 2010-2021, Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Here, well look in more detail at the reactions that lead to these products. It acts only when blood glucose is more than 100mg/dL. It further goes into the citric acid cycle and converts to CO2 and H2O. In addition to adenosine triphosphate, this metabolic pathway also releases two molecules of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and pyruvate (a three-carbon molecule). Yolanda graduated with a Bachelor of Pharmacy at the University of South Australia and has experience working in both Australia and Italy. However, aerobic metabolism is the slowest way to resynthesize ATP. Award Recipients reactions involved in muscle contraction). The signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia include jaundice, icterus, elevated bilirubin level, and enlarged spleen. The phosphagen system (also called the ATP-CP system) is the quickest way to resynthesize ATP (Robergs & Roberts 1997). Metabolic pathway of glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate via a series of intermediate metabolites by Thomas Shafee / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0), A diagram of cellular respiration including glycolysis, Krebs cycle (AKA citric acid cycle), and the electron transport chain by RegisFrey / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, Fifth Edition.. Required fields are marked *. What is the input and output of oxidative phosphorylation? It occurs in anaerobic conditions. What is Glycolysis?. Triose phosphate isomerase catalyzes the conversion of DHAP to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. * Typically, with regards to enzymes, a mutase transfers a group located on one location of a molecule to another location on the molecule thereby changing its properties. 2 Pyruvate molecules 2 NADH 4 ATP but 2 net ATP since 2 ATP is used up in the reaction What happens to the pyruvate in low levels of oxygen? The aerobic systemwhich includes the Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle) and the electron transport chainuses blood glucose, glycogen and fat as fuels to resynthesize ATP in the mitochondria of muscle outputs: glucose splits into 2 PGALS, releases 4 ATP (2 per pgal) 2 NADH (1 per pgal), and turns into pyruvate. Your email address will not be published. When glycolysis occurs, (all of the above) some ATP is produced, two molecules of pyruvate are made, a molecule of glucose is split. Most cells prefer glucose. Like many other animals, humans produce ATP through three metabolic energy pathways that consist of many enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions: the phosphagen system, glycolysis and the aerobic system. Which pathway your clients use for the primary production of ATP depends on how quickly they need it and how much of it they need. The energy for all physical activity comes from the conversion of high-energy phosphates (adenosine triphosphateATP) to lower-energy phosphates (adenosine diphosphateADP; adenosine monophosphateAMP; and inorganic phosphate, Pi). Omissions? The energy for glycolysis comes from glucose, or our stored form of glucose being glycogen. A. Metabolism refers to the collection of amphibolic pathways in a cell.
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what is the main goal of glycolysis quizlet
