We recognize this as a limitation and encourage the inclusion of this literature in future iterations on this work. The automotive value chain can be characterized as an automaker-driven network. The detected lack of trust might reflect the prevalence of informal contract arrangements in the included studies. Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. & Qaim, M. Supermarkets, farm household income, and poverty: insights from Kenya. 3 Main challenges in focal actor interactions with farmers. Provide SMEs with incentives to encourage small-scale producer adoption of environmentally beneficial practices. crafts, fine arts). Liverpool-Tasie, S. et al. J. Agric. An individual study could look at multiple focal actors (for example traders and processors), this yielded 241 linkages or focal actor cases. The primary outcome (increased income or lower poverty or food security) can arise through adopting a new practice or technology (secondary outcome) that increases yields or attracts a higher price (intermediary outcome). 132, 145156 (2015). 25, 331350 (1998). The other modern market channels (agro-export companies, marketing platforms and high-value chains) also tend to provide services for farmers in addition to an output market. It lacked sufficient information to enable us to characterize the mechanisms regarding the link between our focal actors and smallholder farmers. Additional studies were included through consultation with experts in this field of research and on the basis of the authors previous knowledge. S.Y. Navarro, F. E. et al. Agric Econ. The observation level is the included study that mentioned a challenge affecting the transaction between a small-scale producer and a value chain actor. Variation in institutional contexts of end markets is linked to different types of coordination and control of enabling environment throughout the chains. Evidence from the World Food Programmes Purchase for Progress satellite collection points initiative in Uganda. Int. Source: Authors calculations. From 2017 to the next interview period in 2018-2019, a shift was observed in value chain actors' perceptions of their roles in plastic pollution mitigation. In order of importance (that is, the number of studies that mentioned a factor), the main inhibitors were capacity constraints, lack of trust between farmers and the focal actors, high transaction costs, non-inclusiveness, financial constraints and market power (Extended Data Fig. (2) Positive outcomes can derive from access to infrastructure. Rao, E. J., Brmmer, B. 72, 394407 (2015). The data that support the findings of this study (that is, the data extracted from the 202 studies, as described in the Methods) are available from the corresponding author on request. 31, 209218 (2004). While interactions are generally positive, the share of total interactions with a positive outcome is higher for studies looking at livestock (87%) compared with crops (83%). 2. 97, 12471266 (2015). J.T. The potential role of these value chain actors in assisting farmers to adopt sustainable practices and attain higher incomes is especially notable in light of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2), which aims to end hunger, achieve food and nutrition security and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. Seto, K. C. & Ramankutty, N. Hidden linkages between urbanization and food systems. 1 PRISMA flowchart of screening. There has been little exploration of whether non-contract interactions between small farmers and both small- and large-scale value chain actors have affected small farmers livelihoods. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. a,b, Studies can be classified either by type of publication (a) or by product category (b). The provision of complementary services is a key condition supporting positive outcomes of small-scale producers interactions with focal actors. Unlike a typical narrative review, a scoping review strives to capture all of the literature on a given topic and reduce authorial bias. See the Methods for full details and Box 1 for a summary. Mung bean value chain actors include input suppliers, producers, collectors, retailers, wholesalers, exporter and consumers. The importance of these actors has been recognized with a rapid increase in the number of studies on these intermediaries in the past decade. Gender, agricultural commercialization, and collective action in Kenya. Studies for which the reviewer remained uncertain after applying the criteria were labelled as uncertain. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. 2b). The observation level is the included study; thus, N=202. The midstream and downstream of the food output and input supply chains have emerged as a growing field of research4,5,6. Do crop purchase programs improve smallholder welfare? Language: English ISSN: 2006-9774 DOI: 10.5897/JDAE Start Year: 2009 Published Articles: 541 JDAE Home This links to the traditional tied-output credit market literature of the 1970s focused on SME traders, which cast them as exploitative actors who offered advances of credit to farmers and then gouged them with exorbitant implicit interest rates extracted at harvest from the sale price15. led the search process and contributed to the title and abstract screening. Finally, logistics service suppliers (in 44% of their interactions with farmers) and cooperatives (in 25% of their interactions as input provider) purchased output from farmers. 1, this value is 77% for primary outcomes such as income and food security, 67% for intermediary outcomes such as yield and 84% for secondary outcomes such as technology adoption. Governments should promulgate policies and regulations that reduce the SMEs transaction costs for both start-up and operation and that increase their capacity to manage supply-chain risks13,70. Polit. A brief Dairy Value Chain analysis in the 12 counties in Kenya Where feed the future USAID funded Kenya crops and Dairy Market system activity id implemented. Rapid transformation of food systems in developing regions: highlighting the role of agricultural research & innovations. Reardon, T. et al. An analytical framework for understanding constraints to the increased competitiveness of industries and value chains has been developed, using a classical value chain methodology (innovation, vertical and horizontal linkages, end markets, enabling environment, potential for value addition at all stages of the chain). Dries, L., Germenji, E., Noev, N. & Swinnen, J. F. M. Farmers, vertical coordination, and the restructuring of dairy supply chains in central and eastern Europe. 1), while in 2530% of interactions with these focal actors, inputs were provided. contributed to screening at all stages and contributed to data extraction, data analysis and writing. Moreover, a lack of trust between cooperative members and their leadership could result in failure to deliver on agreements28,45,46,47,48. Thank you for visiting nature.com. 13, 141146 (2015). Similarly, more evidence is needed on the conditions that allow both women and men small-scale producers to benefit from SMEs. Mutonyi, S. The effect of collective action on smallholder income and asset holdings in Kenya. The availability of rural infrastructure, including irrigation, transportation, processing, storage and communications, was noted as a facilitating condition in 23% of the studies. Among output intermediaries (columns 1 and 2), it is more common for positive outcomes to follow from exchanges that include arrangements for transportation, the provision of credit or inputs, and the provision of extension. 37, 17421758 (2009). Several frameworks have emerged and have been used to. Finding that SME value chain actors provide complementary services shifts the debate on their role in markets. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. With aim of giving justification for the identified actors in the chain and roles they undertake, information and financial flows in the chain. Based on the role they played value chain actors can be grouped under three levels in the study areas. This indicates that the final welfare effect of farmers interactions with market channels is a gap in the literature. Gender in Value Chains 48 3. Overall, these results shed light on a set of activities undertaken by focal actors that tend to yield additional benefits for farmers. Small and medium enterprises, not just large enterprises, address idiosyncratic market failures and asset shortfalls of small-scale producers by providing them, through informal arrangements, with complementary services such as input provision, credit, information and logistics. It focused on efficacy of a technology or service. 39, 784796 (2011). The provision of complementary services appears to be instrumental in fostering a positive outcome from farmers interactions with these input and output market channels. In addition to easing the provision of complementary services, access to transportation (road infrastructure) enables farmers to gain better price terms from both informal and formal market channels29,30, and cold storage infrastructure, which reduces food wastage, has been found to increase producers sales and generate higher prices in the off season17,31,32. Dung National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria1 Department of Agricultural Economics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria2 The records were then imported into the screening tool Covidence for screening of titles and abstracts by two independent reviewers. Interviewswith relevant value chain actors and a review of reports and scientic literature were used to explore this question.Empirical ndings show that value chain structural organization can be an entry point to mainstream technology andinnovation. Included studies were coded to tabulate the focal actor linkage that was captured within the study. Relevant information from each included study was extracted by at least one review author and included an assessment of the quality of the studies methodology description and justification. Afr. For input suppliers, a higher percentage of cases with a positive impact involve the suppliers also purchasing output from the farmers. The growing concern surrounding plastic leakage has directly influenced value chain actors' practices, with some companies taking a more active role in plastic pollution mitigation. World Dev. 3.1 Actors in the value chain and their linkages. Econ. Internet Explorer). In the collaboration among interdependent value chain actors trust plays a key role (Falkenreck and Wagner, 2017), . & Hassler, M. Farmers producer companies in India: a new concept for collective action? High meant there was a clear description of the sampling methods used (for methodology) and a clear justification of the selection of the research site(s), research design and/or methods used to collect and analyse the data used (for methodology justification). However, provision of warehouse services is higher (at 6%) for staple crops than for high-value crops (at 2%). Although our sample size is limited for input suppliers, we find that they also provide additional services, such as credit and training (Extended Data Table 1). Full Text Authors Metrics Licencing Abstract This study aimed to analyze the value chain of wheat in Dembecha district of West Gojjam zone. Only by paying greater attention to demand orientation, market intelligence, product profiling, and seed systems development will CGIAR and national breeding programs be able . Agric. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Open access 1. Assessing local and regional food aid procurement through case studies in Burkina Faso and Guatemala. Outcomes of the transactions for the farmer are determined by the terms and conditions of the transactional role plus any complementary services. some roles of value chain coordination are primary roles, that is, the roles that directly support actors in the value chain such as producers, processors, distributors, buyers and consumers. Extended Data Fig. Implement policies that reduce the costs of energy and equipment import and increase property rights and the ease of registration and certification. There has been a dramatic increase in research interest in the relationship between small-scale producers and our focal actors in the past ten years. https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/aaea15/205650.html, http://www.cabi.org/about-cabi/who-we-work-with/key-donors/. These less formal arrangements are quite common in modern value chains in developing countries. L.B. A list of all studies that met the inclusion criteria can be found in Supplementary Table 2. Rev. Sci., 18 January 2022 Sec. Extended Data Fig. Results Results indicated that mango value chain is composed of nursery suppliers, mango producers, harvesters and assemblers, processors and traders. Contrary to the articulated focus by policymakers and governments on gender equality and environmental sustainability, we find extremely limited emphasis on these issues in the literature. For traders, we assume that purchase agreements fall into category 3 (the least formal interaction). Source: Authors calculations. Campbell Syst. We also excluded government programmes that provide inputs at market rate, extension services or the development of information systems, as well as those about cooperatives that have been established by governments. Agric. Disbursement/Repayment of Loans: Value chain actors may play a direct role in loan transactions. The 202 included studies were coded to tabulate the focal actor linkage that was captured within the study. The tools 1331, 106118 (2014). Of those 241 focal actor cases, 204 are with output buyers. The main challenges impeding the successful interaction between study focal actors and small-scale producers were categorized into 6 groups. Inputs were provided to farmers in 38% of links with these modern market channels. Results from the study areas indicated that the fish transferring process from producers to consumer involves different actors, which include Bepari, rural Paikar, Aratdar, urban Paikar, and retailer. Elder, S. D. & Dauvergne, P. Farming for Walmart: the politics of corporate control and responsibility in the global South.
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value chain actors and their roles
