Within a fortnight, he and Southampton had been tried and found guilty. The Essex men barricaded the house, and the next day, when four Privy Councillors, including the Lord Keeper, Thomas Egerton, were sent to fetch Essex, they were taken hostage. There was no more talk about a prior Tudor right to succession. Dudley would unknowingly setup the Earl of Essex to be in a position to charm Queen Elizabeth I by starting his own mark on history as the Queens clandestine lover. Henry Earl of Southampton in his teens, by Nicholas Hilliard. In praise of ladies dead and lovely knights, The point here is that the noun beauty is used many times in the sonnets, and when applied to Southampton it is used as something which he possesses. As Cyndia Clegg puts it, While no convincing evidence has been set forth to suggest that the authorities employed censorship to prevent any improper use of Shakespeares play subsequent to 1601, the new additions of the Parliament Sceane and the deposing of King Richard in the 1608 printed play (after their absence from the plays three Elizabethan quartos) has long engendered debate on whether or not Richard II was censored during the reign of Elizabeth. (Cyndia Susan Clegg In 1601, Shakespeare was not questioned, though he was the named author on the title page of the second edition of Richard II, published in 1598. (There are other mud-fountain associations, but no other with a silver fountain mentioned.) The Countess retired to her estate in Brittany, where she was rejoined by her husband. = Oxford in the early 1590s was Southamptons prospective father-in-law. Fair and Sweet are the requisite adjectives, meaning a heightened being, glowing close to a halo, refined majesty, carrying out the concept that the monarch is Divine. Not only did no one call her by her first name, but by no name whatsoever; rather, the honorifics of Diana, Beauty, Cynthia, Cytherea, Venus, Moon. Henry Wriothesley Earl of Southampton and Henry de Vere, the eighteenth Earl of Oxford+ became close friends during the reign of James; the earls were known as the Two Henries. They were Parliament men who often took sides against the king and were imprisoned for it. Just as Aumerle expressed remorse for his involvement in the conspiracy against Bolingbroke, so too did Southampton express remorse for his role in the Essex Rebellion. The same imagery of a silver fountain fouled by mud is found in Sonnet 35. 28 of 100 to Believe that Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford was Shakespeare: the Crucial Role Played by Henry Wriothesley, the 3rd Earl of Southampton, Dedicatee of Shakespeares Poetry and Fair Youth of hisSonnets, THE MAIN BLOG ON "SHAKESPEARE" & OXFORD & "THE MONUMENT" OF THE SONNETS, Follow Hank Whittemore's Shakespeare Blog on WordPress.com, "TWELVE YEARS IN THE LIFE OF SHAKESPEARE", HANK'S 100 REASONS WHY OXFORD WAS "SHAKESPEARE" THE LIST TO DATE, The Latest Stratfordian Assault on the Integrity of Shakespeares Sonnet Sequence: PartTwo, A New Stratfordian Attempt to Destroy the Integrity (and Testimony) of theSonnets, The Bards Use of Heraldry: Re-Posting Reason No. On 6th February 1601, his supporters paid 40s to the Lord Chamberlains Men to perform Shakespeares play, Richard II. 8 Extraordinary Stories of Men and Women in Wartime, The 8 Most Important Gods and Goddesses of the Aztec Empire. Asquith's newest foray into Shakespeare and history is a bumbling, self-contradictory mess in which she cherry-picks from some, often dated, aspects of the scholarly literature on the topic while ignoring the bulk of it. At his trial he defended himself by protesting he had been in fear of his own life, and grovelled at the feet of the Queen who had shown him so much favour before. Henry Wriothesley, The Earl of Southampton, was the patron to whom Shakespeare had dedicated his poems. The timing is important because, one, it throws a poor light on Oxford that he would have countenanced an incestuous marriage for show between son and daughter, and two, the matter of conscience likely would have manifested somehow in the poems if this situation had been known to him. Southampton was reprieved, but Blount and three others were also executed. It was a great book very insightful. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. "Southampton's first love came in the shape of a man; his heart had no room as yet for love of woman" (Stopes 35). [If Edward de Vere had been the real author, and again I have no doubt that he was, the royal performances were a memorial tribute to him.] However, the hostages had already been transferred by, When the assault upon Essex House was underway, Southampton was said to have come out onto the roof and told Sir Robert Sidney, a long friend of Essex and his supporters sent to summon a parley, that. Meanwhile, in 2016, Hugh Gazzards article in Studies in English Literature revived Nicholas Bretons claim to the poem. The URI to TrackBack this entry is: https://hankwhittemore.com/2011/12/08/reason-no-28-of-100-to-believe-that-edward-de-vere-the-17th-earl-of-oxford-was-shakespeare-the-crucial-role-played-by-henry-wriothesley-the-3rd-earl-of-southampton-dedicatee-of-shakespeare/trackback/. The 1590s were bleak years for England. Andrea Campana, or 'Harry Southampton' as he liked to be known.. wasn't EXCLUSIVELY gay at all!!! After Southampton was released on 10 April 1603, the poet Shake-speare wrote Sonnet 107 celebrating his liberation after being supposed as forfeit to a confined doom, that is, subjected to a sentence of life imprisonment. The Press achieved this goal early on, and the excellence of its publishing program has been recognized for more than eight decades by scholars throughout the world. Southamptons first love came in the shape of a man; his heart had no room as yet for love of woman (Stopes 35). The hundred sonnets between nos. Richard II wasa popular play during Elizabeths reign and legend even holds she claimed to be the inspiration behind the title role. He makes a further point that this amount was considerably more than the normal rate to stage a play. Founded in 1922, the Press is the creation of that same distinguished group of educators and civic leaders who were instrumental in transforming the University of North Carolina from a struggling college with a few associated professional schools into a major university. On 31 May 1076 Waltheof was beheaded, on St Giles's Hill near Winchester. Her claims about how scholars think about Shakespeare are utterly false and twisted to promote her own inane agendas. Ralph's expulsion and Brian's loss of lands caused indignation among the Bretons in England, whom William attempted to placate by giving Ralph's lands in East Anglia to another Breton, Alan Rufus. Change). Some of these rebellions were in fact interregnum (such as Cems rebellion). The Lucrece dedication was an extraordinary declaration of personal commitment to the twenty-year-old earl: The love I dedicate to your Lordship is without end What I have done is yours, what I have to do is yours, being part in all I have, devoted yours Your Lordships in all duty, William Shakespeare.. Also Southampton and Essex did not go, and the play is not necessarily completely supportive of deposition (paraphrasing Hammers article on the play). 28 of 100 Reasons Why Shake-speare was the Earl ofOxford, THE MAIN BLOG ON "SHAKESPEARE" & OXFORD & "THE MONUMENT" OF THE SONNETS, Follow Hank Whittemore's Shakespeare Blog on WordPress.com, "TWELVE YEARS IN THE LIFE OF SHAKESPEARE", HANK'S 100 REASONS WHY OXFORD WAS "SHAKESPEARE" THE LIST TO DATE, The Latest Stratfordian Assault on the Integrity of Shakespeares Sonnet Sequence: PartTwo, A New Stratfordian Attempt to Destroy the Integrity (and Testimony) of theSonnets, The Bards Use of Heraldry: Re-Posting Reason No. While we may never be able to verify concrete reasons for Essexs appeal to Elizabeth, it is verifiable that she enjoyed his self-confidence, and admired his strong nature. Found guilty of the charges, he was suspended from public office and his liberty was restricted until August of 1600. Miracles were said to have been worked at his tomb at Crowland in Lincolnshire. The author does a good job at showing Shakespeare's topical references, which were, she tells us, distortions of his usual poetic form in order to say them. De Vere became the first royal ward of Queen Elizabeth in 1562, under the guardianship of William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), and in 1571 he entered into an arranged marriage with the chief ministers fifteen-year-old daughter, Anne Cecil. Whether Oxford advocated Southamptons marriage to the formers daughter Elizabeth has never been established. = The peers had no choice but to render a unanimous guilty verdict; there is evidence that Oxford then worked behind the scenes to save Southamptons life and gain his eventual liberation, as in Sonnet 35: Thy adverse party is thy Advocate.. 432). She argues that the Rape of Lucrece is actually a not so subtle attack on the Tudors for their rape of England's churches. There is no other dedication like this in Elizabethan literature, Nichol Smith wrote in 1916, and because the great author never dedicated another work to anyone else, he uniquely linked Southampton to Shakespeare from then to now. One of the most important reasons to believe Edward de Vere the seventeenth Earl of Oxford was Shakespeare number 28 on this list is the central role played by Henry Wriothesley the third Earl of Southampton. Essex, together with Sir Christopher Blount (his step-father), the Earl of Southampton and about twenty others, set out for the City of London. Faced with such obvious hints of rebellion, the Privy Council decided on a pre-emptive strike. The White Tower where Southampton was imprisoned. The young lady was also Oxfords daughter (of record), making him in fact the prospective father-in-law; and scholars generally agree that in the procreation sonnets Shakespeare sounds very much like a prospective father-in-law (or father) urging Southampton to accept Burghleys choice of a wife for him. Brian of Brittany might also have been deposed after the revolt, with his lands given to William's half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain. On Thursday the nineteenth, the principal leaders of the attempted coup, the Earl of Essex and Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, were conveyed from the Tower to Westminster Hall where they were tried and found guilty of treason. I have read quite a bit about Shakespeare and his plays but very little about the famous poems. After Southampton was released on April 10, 1603, the poet Shake-speare wrote Sonnet 107 celebrating his liberation after being supposed as forfeit to a confined doom, that is, subjected to a doom or sentence of imprisonment for life. Dont look now, but Shakespeare (and Stratfordian hypocrisy) is trendingagain! Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. = On the night of Oxfords recorded death on 24 June 1604, agents of the Crown arrested Southampton and returned him to the Tower, where he was interrogated all night until his release the following day. On Sunday 8 February Essex and his supporters took the Lord Chief Justice hostage, but the play had failed to arouse Londoners so by the end of the day the rebellion was completely quashed. The Essex Rebellion, led by Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was the only armed uprising against Elizabeth I. . The revolt was caused by the king's refusal (in his absence - he had been in Normandy since 1073) to sanction the marriage between Emma (daughter of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford and Adelissa de Tosny) and Ralph de Guader, Earl of East Anglia in 1075. Amid the rising tension, William Shakespeare published a pair of poems dedicated to the young Earl of Southampton: Venus and Adonis in 1593 and The Rape of Lucrece a year later. The Earl of Southampton, Wriothesley, was at the moment out of favour with Elizabeth because of his marriage. I see descriptions of the fairest wights, She refused to continue the grant of the monopoly on the import of sweet wines which was his principle source of income. All I can say is that I have been following this controversy as objectively as possible for over 15 yrs. This appointment marked the beginning of what would become the famous Essex Rebellion of 1601. Philips goes on to declare that the choice of Richard II was not made by the company, but, as is customary, was made by the patron paying for the performance. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Henry Wriothesley became the eighth and last child of state as a boy in 1581-82, also in the chief ministers custody, and during 1590-91 he resisted intense pressure to enter into an arranged marriage with Cecils fifteen-year-old granddaughter, Elizabeth Vere. I do remember being entertained every time I listed to more of the book, but it has been a few days since I finished it and I truly could not tell you anything that was said except that there was a lot about the legendary r*pe of Lucretia. Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565-1601), was the main leader of Essex's Rebellion in 1601. Lady Elizabeth Vere, who married William Stanley Earl of Derby in 1595. Unlike Essex, Wriothesley was spared his life, and sentenced to be imprisoned in the tower. There is nothing sacred about a crown. Leaving Emma to defend Norwich Castle, Ralph sailed for Denmark in search of help. Southampton was not known as a skillful in-fighter at court. Essex's Rebellion was an unsuccessful rebellion led by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, in 1601 against Queen Elizabeth I of England and the court faction led by Sir Robert Cecil to gain further influence at court. [5] Dear Bruce, Furthermore, beings that I consider myself an intellectual thinker, I regrettedly also preferred elizabeths, Thanks for the comment. Thanks for your comment. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In the list below only those rebellions confined to Turkey, the heartland of Ottoman Empire are shown. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Once Shakespeares company had been cleared of any implication of being involved in the rebellion it seems there was no problem with them carrying on as usual. Some of her arguments are SO forced, yet I enjoy any reconsideration of decided history at this level of specificity. Although wildly popular during Shakespeare's lifetime, to modern readers both works are almost impenetrable. This time, any favour Essex enjoyed, had run out. On 25 February 1601 Essex was beheaded for treason; a final act of mercy on the Queens part, as many were drawn and quartered for less offence. It does leave a person wondering just how much of what we claim to know about these historical figures is true, and how much information has been tampered with by the Cecil faction. Henry IV got his come-up-ance for his actions later, and they all knew this, that it could not go well if they used the play as a model. Just a few days later Augustine Phillips, the spokesman for Shakespeares company the Lord Chamberlains Men, was keen to distance them from the event when he was called to give evidence: He believed that his enemies at Court were conspiring against him. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Phillips ), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Phillips, King Charles III, Shakespeare, and coronations, Thomas Hardy inspired by Shakespeare and Stratford-upon-Avon, The long days task is done, and we must sleep. It is said he had been a man of immense bodily strength, but weak-willed and unreliable yet devout and charitable, and so was regarded by the English as a martyr. On 7 February 1601, Essex was summoned to explain his actions. 2021 Studies in Philology, Incorporated William Shakespeare was no different. She inscribed the brief letter he had written to her as His last letter and kept it locked in a case beside her bed for the rest of her life. Under this scenario the first 17 sonnets urging marriage and procreation would make perfect sense, especially as Southampton, warriorlike, was more likely to die young and heirless in battle. Amid the rising tension, William Shakespeare published a pair of poems dedicated to the young Earl of Southampton: Venus and Adonis in 1593 and The Rape of Lucrece a year later. The play was extremely controversial, as it portrayed the deposition of Richard II by Henry Bolingbroke, and when it had been performed at court, the Queen had been heard to comment. So much of what Ive read in these Southampton biographies ends up being nothing more than conjecture. ", the young man to whom he dedicated the two poems, and possibly the fair youth in the Sonnets, may have been Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. After Elizabeths death two years later, James I would release Wriothesley from the tower. While Claudius reacts to the playing out of the murder of old Hamlet, calling for lights and leaving the hall, its possiblethat the question of his guilt remains ambiguous, at least to Hamlet and the court. Ill take it. (LogOut/ Elizabeth indulged him and put him in charge of a number of important military operations. The main tensions that led to the rebellion began in 1599, when Essex was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. I have a slightly different theory as to why the first 17 sonnets were dedicated to Southampton. As an axiom of siring heirs, since you as the royal youth had a father, now it is your duty to be a progenitor as well and produce the next heir.. The Essex Rebellion happened in 1601 during Elizabeth's years of decline. Also, neither monarch had produced an heir to ensure the succession. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Essex, together with Sir Christopher Blount (his step-father), the Earl of Southampton and about twenty others, set out for the City of London. Essex privately favoured the Roman Catholics, although as a foil had the Puritans. One of the most compelling reasons to believe Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford was "Shakespeare" is the central role in the Shakespeare story played by Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton. . It might have been taken as an assault or treason to the crown. In the days before and after the wedding, seven performances of the Bards plays were given. He was condemned to death when the rebellion failed, but his punishment was commuted to life imprisonment and he was released by James I. I agree: the Earl actually must have died in the past 400 years at a given date. For the purposes of this post, however, all we need show is that Oxford is the most likely man who publicly pledged his devotion to Southampton.]. What she does in her latest book is long overdue: She provides an interpretation of neglected texts in his canon, "The Rape of Lucrece" and "Venus and Adonis," using the lens of political allegories to unlock an understanding. I contest this analysis by showing that these passages are for the most part neither parallel nor unique and that the methodology itself can be used to show that other poets are just as likely, indeed far more likely, to have written it. Looney noted that both Oxford and Southampton had been left orphans and royal wards at an early age, both had been brought up under the same guardian, both had the same kind of literary tastes and interests, and later the young man followed exactly the same course as the elder as a patron of literature and drama., The separate entries for Oxford and Southampton in the Dictionary of National Biography, written before the twentieth century, revealed that in many of its leading features the life of the younger man is a reproduction of the life of the elder, Looney noted, adding it was difficult to resist the feeling that Wriothesley had made a hero of De Vere, and had attempted to model his life on that of his predecessor as royal ward., If Oxford was writing the private sonnets to Southampton, and I have no doubt of it, then we should not expect to find the two of them publicly spending much time together or even any time at all. Ralph in the meantime encountered a much superior force under the warrior bishops Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey de Montbray (the latter ordered that all rebels should have their right foot cut off) near Cambridge and retreated hurriedly to Norwich, hotly pursued by the royal army. Rousing up close to 300 supporters, he prepared a coup. They were even accused of plotting on behalf of the Infanta Isabella. Reportedly refers to the date, not the death. 61 of One Hundred Reasons Shakespeare was the Earl of Oxford: The Sea &Seamanship, Re-posting No. But governments can handle individuals who make trouble. Shakespeare has long been regarded as a genius peculiarly distant from the upheavals and dissensions of his own age, but that anachronistic reading is increasingly challenged by scholars such as Asquith, who here examines his two early, long poems which are now little-read, but were both huge successes at the time: Venus & Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. Numerous playwrights had been fined, imprisoned, or worse for smaller suggestions of offence. Nice piece, Debbie. Get time period newsletters, special offers and weekly programme release emails. As part of Christmas and New Years celebrations surrounding the wedding of Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery and Oxfords daughter Susan Vere in December of 1604, the Court of James held a veritable Shakespeare festival. The connections between Oxford and Southampton are numerous and significant; the link between the two earls is crucial for the quest to determine the real Shakespeare. The argument can be made that a stylistic basis for the Sonnets existed decades before they were published. Using the latest historical research, it resurrects the story of a bold bid for freedom of conscience and an end to corruption that was erased from history by the men who . She cites no relevant studies on readership, audience, or reception, preferring to make assumptions and guesses as she goes along. Hi Hank, By choosing Shakespeares company to perform this play, on this day, it was clearly Essexs intention to send a message to the Queen. 48, No. Thank you so much, Shelly, for enhancing my post with this information. On page page 43 of the Histories (Richard II), in the left-hand column, bottom of the page, there are these lines spoken by Bolingbroke: O loyall Father of a treacherous Sonne: / Thou sheere, immaculate, and silver fountaine, / From whence this steam through muddy passages / Hath had his current, and defild himself. In the lines, Bolingbroke is saying that the Duke of Aumerle has defiled the honor of his father, the Duke of York, by his participation in a treasonous plot to kill the king (Bolingbroke). Shakespeares company was at this time the leading playing company in London and theatre already held the role of making political statements. Also there is debate as to their intention in putting on the play They may not actually have been planning any action until a week or two later, originally and they seem to not know that the plan would change over night after they went to the play. Most further agree that, in the first seventeen sonnets, the poet is urging Southampton to beget a child to continue his bloodline demanding it in a way that would ordinarily have been highly offensive: Make thee another self, for love of me., It is certain that the Earl of Southampton and the poet we know as Shakespeare were on intimate terms, Charlton Ogburn Jr. wrote in 1984, but Charlotte G. Stopes, Southamptons pioneer biographer [1922] spent seven years or more combing the records of the Earl and his family without turning up a single indication that the fashionable young lord had ever had any contact with a Shakespeare, and for that reason deemed the great work of her life a failure., Oxford was a nobleman of the same high rank as Southampton and just a generation older, J. Thomas Looney wrote in 1920, adding that the peculiar circumstances of the youth to whom the Sonnets were addressed were strikingly analogous to his own., William Cecil Lord Burghley, Master of the Royal Wards. The Earl of Essex in Ireland With the death of Dudley, Elizabeth transferred some of her affection to his stepson, and Essex continued the courtier's role of currying favour with the Queen through flattery and flirtation, despite being 34 years her junior. UNC Press is also the proud publisher for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg, Virginia. De Vere must have been a regular visitor to Cecils house after then. Essex and the men retreated to Essex House, and soldiers, led by the Earl of Northampton, surrounded it, drawing up cannon. ], Southampton in the Tower (Feb 8, 1601 - April 10, 1603), Henry de Vere, 18th earl of Oxford, and Henry Wriothesley, 3rd earl of Southampton - circa 1619, (Henry de Vere was born to Edward de Vere and his second wife Elizabeth Trentham in February 1593). The Incredible Story of William J. Bankes - Adventurer, Collector, Spy, A Tudor Discovery Thomas Cromwells Prayer Book, The Lost Sailors - Solving a World War II Mystery, Castles That Made Britain Ludlow Castle, Cecilia Payne: The Trailblazing Astronomer Who Unraveled the Universe, Heirs of Spartocus: How the Bosporan Kingdom Became the Jewel of the Black Sea, 10 Facts About the Battle of Normandy Following D-Day, How the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Unfolded, Historical Trips - Book your next historical adventure, 10 Best Ancient and Archaeological Sites in Crete, 10 Facts About Mary Shelley: The Woman Behind Frankenstein. She was furious, stripped him of his offices, and placed him under house arrest. The University of North Carolina Press is the oldest university press in the South and one of the oldest in the country. (By the way, youre probably aware of the will of Augustine Phillips. Change). 60 of 100 Reasons Why Shake-speare was the Earl of Oxford: The Famous Victories of Henry theFifth, "BUILDING THE CASE FOR EDWARD DE VERE AS SHAKESPEARE" The New Series at Amazon, "Shakespeare in Italy" Join the Dialogue at "Tuscany Now" Site, A PERSONAL & PROFESSIONAL JOURNEY HANK'S MEMOIR, A Response to the Birthplace Trust and "Beyond Doubt" by Oxfordians of the Shakespeare Fellowship, ABOUT OXFORD-SHAKESPEARE'S GENEVA BIBLE Roger Stritmatter at Shake-speare's Bible.com, ANDERSON: "Shakespeare By Another Name" the Blog by Mark Anderson. They married without his permission. In later years, perhaps it was his wish to remind James of his prior claim to the monarchy, which may explain the publication of Troilus and Cressida and the Sonnets in 1609. died. Pp. Now disgraced, and a failure, Essex decided to stage a rebellion. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions As its principal mission, the journal considers for publication articles on British literature from the pre-Conquest period through Romanticism. Weston was the son of James Weston, diocesan registrar and a Lichfield MP, by his wife, Margery Lowe . In the meantime, the Queen and Cecil had been advancing towards peace in the Netherlands with the new Governors, the Archduke Albert and his wife, the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (who was a possible successor to Elizabeth via her descent from John of Gaunt.). In most countries in todays world, those who comment on current events rarely use the tools that were employed centuries ago by poets and creators of literature. Sir Simon Weston (1565-1637) was an English Knight and politician, personal ally of the Earls of Essex, who sat in the House of Commons between 1624 and 1626. As there is no evidence of reserve or hesitancy in his poetry, I feel the earlier writing of those sonnets gains inferential support. The spark was lit on Saturday, February . In 1603, he entertained Queen Anne with a performance of. (LogOut/ List. After marching into London with his 300 men, Essex was captured, tried, and ultimately executed for treason in 1601. 62 of 100 Reasons Shakespeare was the Earl ofOxford, Re-Posting No. Where this examinant and his friends were determined to have played some other play holding that play of King Richard to be so old and so long out of use as that they should have small or no company at it But at their request this examinatant and his friends were content to play it the Saturday and had their 40 shillings more than the ordinary for it and so played it accordingly. Cassidy Cash has built the ultimate Shakespeare history tour. Background. Then, in William's absence, Ralph . But there was no reprieve, and on 25th February 1601, he was beheaded. Edward de Vere became the first royal ward of Elizabeth at age twelve in 1562, under the guardianship of William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), and in 1571 he entered into an arranged marriage with the chief ministers fifteen-year-old daughter, Anne Cecil. Or, she not believe that Shakespeare the credulous actor was Shakespeare the seditious writer. As the year 1600 approached, unrest was stirring in post-Reformation England.
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earl of southampton essex rebellion
