Revisions may be either majoror minor, but at most one major revision is allowed per paper. Copyright 2023 ACM, Inc. When slots in the queue free up, source vertices start emitting tuples again. Authors can easily invite colleagues to collaborate on their document. This allows us to observe each individual vertex to see how they consume resources and verify the hypothesis made in Section 7.1 that bottlenecks change when running on encrypted data streams. We find that against a throttled attacker (with 10, 30, Drones are becoming increasingly popular for hobbyists and recreational use. The input data for this evaluation is generated using a clojure program that generates uniformly random tuples of the following format < user_id:UUID, page_id:UUID, ad_id:UUID, ad_type:String, event_type:String, event_time:Timestamp, ip_address:String\gt . \(\div\) denotes multiplicative inverse, and \(\wedge\) denotes exponentiation. Instead, C3PO follows the approach of several related research works, focusing on using PHE and PPE schemes to perform computations over encrypted data. Regrettably we cannot make any guarantees as to turn around time. acm transactions on privacy and securityissn2471-2566 e-issn2471-2574 4jcr:q1 1.974 article sci 3 assoc We capture these field groupings by assigning fields into field families that indicate which fields are involved in the same operations, directly or indirectly. Expectations of reviewers and ACM can be found in the Reviewer section of the Policy on Roles and Responsibilities in ACM Publishing page. ). Fig. The results show that on average C3PO operates with only \(23\%\) higher latency than running the same computation over plaintext data. Privacy Methods: methods to offer location privacy; anonymization techniques for users and their data; statistical disclosure control techniques; private information retrieval; protocols for secure multiparty communications, protecting confidential consumer data, and the like. A cryptosystem is said to be homomorphic (with respect to certain operations) if it allows computations (consisting of such operations) on encrypted data. ACM authors can manage their publication rights in either of the following ways: As of January 2023, per decision of the ACM Publications Board, the traditional Copyright Transfer Agreement option is no longer available for ACM authors. In what follows, we overview related work in the area of IoT-based confidentiality-preserving stream processing. With the advent of the IoT, many more billions of devices are expected to continuously collect sensitive data and compute on it, promising improvements in various sectors. We plan to incorporate battery-powered IoT devices with limited energy capacity and examine the effect encryption has on battery life as part of our future work. \end{equation}\] For example, a cryptosystem is said to be an additive homomorphic encryption (AHE) scheme when \(\phi\) is addition \(+\). Similarly, a cryptosystem is said to be a multiplicative homomorphic encryption (MHE) scheme when \(\phi\) is multiplication \(\times\). Another category of cryptosystems that allows computations over encrypted data is property-preserving encryption (PPE). (13) \[\begin{equation} c_p = \sum \limits _{i=0}^{n-1} c_i \otimes 2^{iT} . Performance of C3PO deployment profile. More specifically, keys are generated based on the equation given below: 4. As can be seen, the deployment profile generated by C3PO results in the lowest response time. We show the results in Table 2. Field-level key identification also limits the number of fields encrypted under the same key while maximizing the range of homomorphic operations that can be performed across fields of data. Fortanix Inc. USA ,and Purdue University, Mountain View, CA, USA, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown, NY, USA, Universit della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland, Purdue University USA, TU Darmstadt Germany, andSensorHound Inc., USA. This can occur if there is a mismatch between parent and child operator nodes, because they express operations not supported by the same cryptosystem. The rapid development of DNNs has benefited from the existence of some high-quality . Fig. Your search export query has expired. 15. We implemented three different versions of Paillier and ElGamal, each using a different arbitrary precision arithmetic library, since not all these libraries are supported on all IoT devices. We then present C3POs programming abstractions and runtime execution flow. Second, C3PO derives the operations performed on each stream from program annotations (@encOperations) in each vertex class in the graph. Instead, C3PO focuses on PHE and does not require specialized hardware. \end{equation}\]. Execution proceeds only if the hash is verified. RBA monitors features during login, and requests re-authentication when feature values widely differ from those previously observed. View Figure Top-10 Taxi Routes In C3PO\( ^a \). Open Access Publication & ACM. Homomorphic subtraction can be achieved by performing an addition between the first operand and the additive inverse (by performing multiplication by \(-1\)) of the second operand: Every time the vertex receives a timing tuple, signifying a minute has elapsed (code omitted), it emits the sum of all groups in the current sliding window (Line 7). We assume all slots have the same processing capacity. ACM style files will closely approximate the final output, enabling authors to judge the page-length of their published articles. All accepted papers are subject to a final editorial review by the Editor-in-Chief. 10. The response times are shown in Figure 17 for Storm and in Figure 18 for C3PO. List. Detecting it is no simple task. all grouping the stream is replicated across all tasks. The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science. Google Scholar Digital Library Fig. C3PO uses Paillier and ElGamal to carry out arithmetic operations homomorphically over encrypted data. To keep track of what keys are sent to each device and to be able to identify which devices need to be sent new keys during key rotation, the key manager keeps a map of key IDs per device (key metadata). Providing the proper indexing and retrieval information from the CCS provides the reader with quick content reference, facilitating the search for related literature, as well as searches for your work in ACM's Digital Library and on other online resources. Fig. By default, these cryptosystems, as well as existing PHE-based systems that use these cryptosystems [48, 59, 61], do not support operations that involve negative numbers. In Section 3.1, we discuss the information leakage due to these encryption schemes and describe ways in which C3PO reduces this leakage. We use five devices with different computational/memory capacities: Amazon AWS m5.2xlarge instance with 3.1 GHz CPU and 16 GB RAM. Successful software authorship de-anonymization has both software forensics applications and privacy implications. Perform Grammar Check & more. In this case, results of computations that occurred under the previous key must be included in subsequent computations. @encOperations Programmers can also annotate each stream with the operations they want to perform on that stream through the @encOperations annotation. Encryption latency of ElGamal and Paillier with PRN pre-computation across different IoT devices. In ACM Conf. The rate at which position reports are emitted for one single expressway is shown in Figure 14. Packing reduces that to a single ciphertext, which leads to lower network overhead and significantly lower decryption time (~\(4\times\) lower). In particular, papers invited for possible TOPS publication in special issues based on conferences must satisfy this policy. Please note:ACM only requires you to complete the initial ORCID registration process. Additionally, all corresponding authors from an institution participating inACM OPENwill have their research articles published OA at the time of publication at no cost to the authors. Trusted hardware solutions available for various classes of IoT devices can be exploited to securely store secret keys [3]. A subset of these vertices is also designated as source vertices. on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2021. For both Paillier and ElGamal, we define encryption that can handle negative numbers as: Your file of search results citations is now ready. The key manager uses key group information and the encryption strategy generated during the homomorphism analysis step of the compilation to decide how to generate keys, as shown in Figure 5. The Boldyreva et al. Try the new-look Sherpa. If applicable, authors should submit a brief statement explaining how their paper meets the "significant additional new material" requirement. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Authors are required to provide full disclosure of prior publication, prior rejection and current submissions of this line of work by the authors. C3PO uses Paillier [43] as its AHE scheme to avoid high ciphertext expansion and avoid high decryption costs compared to, for example, the Goldwasser-Micali cryptosystem [23] that supports homomorphic addition on single bit inputs leading to higher ciphertext sizes and the Benaloh cryptosystem [5] that has a decryption time dependent on the security parameter, which makes decryption more expensive as that parameter increases. A potential issue when carrying out operations over ciphertexts that pack multiple values are overflows, where the result of one set of packed values overflows into the preceding one, which would lead to incorrect results. Although there is nothing really "typical" about such things, a turn around time of 3-4 months for the first round of reviews is a reasonable expectation. Each tuple within a stream contains one or more fields with each field having an associated name. To protect your privacy, all features that rely on external API calls from your browser are turned off by default. We now give details on how C3PO tackles the challenges 14 introduced in Section 1.2 when processing continuous queries over encrypted streams. We compute the total number of bits, \(T\), allocated for each packed item as Table 4. 14. 26, No. Yahoo streaming: We also use the more generic Yahoo Streaming Benchmark (YSB) [11] for further evaluating the latency of C3PO. Kopo Marvin Ramokapane, Jose M. Such, Awais Rashid: Pump Up Password Security! View Figure identify accident locations to alert vehicles upstream of the accident. Once all vertices of the graph are designated, the graph is assembled by defining the input stream of each vertex and specifying the grouping clause of each stream. Application variables & constants. Specifically, C3PO uses a map that can hold a fixed number of plaintext to ciphertext key-value pairs and imposes an LRU policy to remove pairs once the map is full. Due to the sheer amount of streaming data, building a private cloud infrastructure or expanding local infrastructure to support a large number of devices [36] is very expensive compared to using a low-cost public (untrusted) cloud infrastructure such as Amazon EC2 or Microsoft Azure. An application might need to process plaintext data, such as publicly available stock quotes, from public streams as well as encrypted data. Variable initialization and constants in queries must be carefully handled to preserve the confidentiality requirements. We define two sets of constraints. 10. We implemented the Paillier [43] cryptosystem as our AHE scheme and followed the approach of Damgrd and Jurik [14] to set the generator \(g = N + 1\) for a more optimized implementation of encryption. All authors must be explicitly identified at the time of submission. Fig. In this section, we describe the programming abstractions used in C3PO and explain how these abstractions are used in addressing challenges 14 and leveraged for improving performance. Minor enhancements to conference papers will not be accepted. View Figure The end-user may request to see these statistics on their device, in which case the data is retrieved from the cloud, decrypted on the monitoring device, and shown to the end-user. By ignoring the intermediate term, we get the required \((a_1 \times b_1) \circ (a_2 \times b_2)\). By replacing \(T\) with the approximation \(MR\) and solving for the positive root of the quadratic equation, we get the final term. Many data analytics applications rely on temporal data, generated (and possibly acquired) sequentially for online analysis. Tutorial or survey papers will not be considered for publication. Table 1. Common grouping clauses are: shuffle grouping tuples are distributed randomly across tasks in such a way that each task gets an equal number of tuples, field grouping tuples are partitioned according to a designated field and distributed among tasks, and. Utilization. The throughput increases because the impact (the number of tuples to be emitted under both the old and the new key) of rotating a key is smaller. Submission to TOPS is done via MANUSCRIPT CENTRAL at the following URL:https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/TOPSAll correspondence with the Editor-in-Chief should be conducted by email using the address: acm.TOPS__AT__gmail.com. (9) \[\begin{equation} T= P+ M=\lfloor log_2(R(2^{M}-1)) \rfloor + 1, \end{equation}\] This includes ongoing discussion with editors of other journals regarding suitability of the paper (or closely related papers) for that journal in general or for a particular special issue. (7) \[\begin{equation} D^{\prime }(x) = \left(\left(D(x) + {\left\lceil N\left(1 - \frac{1}{\delta }\right) \right\rceil }\right) \bmod N\right) - {\left\lceil N\left(1 - \frac{1}{\delta }\right) \right\rceil } \end{equation}\] or equivalently, and avoiding expensive modulo computations: Therefore, public clouds are typically used for processing continuous queries including on sensitive data. Please download or close your previous search result export first before starting a new bulk export. ACM Transactions on Transactions on Privacy and Security (TOPS) is devoted to the study, analysis, and application of information security and privacy. CryptDB [48] is a database system focusing on executing SQL queries on encrypted data using PHE. 308 - 318. Next, C3PO analytically identifies the number of tasks required for different vertices and schedules the graph for execution. We note that the scheduler service can be deployed in the untrusted cloud. Our goal now is to identify the cryptosystem in which all the leaf nodes (fields) should be encrypted. Simply removing the unused field reduces the size of a tuple from 528 bytes to 16 bytes. https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3472717. When tasks are delivered to the trusted tier for execution, the trusted tier first computes a hash of the task class and compares it with the hash generated before deployment. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B with Quad Core 1.2 GHz Broadcom BCM2837 CPU and 1 GB RAM. C3PO deployment heuristic. FNR [15] is used as an alternative DET cryptosystem to preserve the format of small values. Field masking (1). For highly resource-constrained devices that do not support GMP or OpenSSL, we use the BigDigits library [6] (version 2.6) and its BIGD arithmetic primitive, which is a very small but less optimized library. (12) \[\begin{equation} R= \Bigl \lfloor \frac{K}{T} \Bigr \rfloor - 1 \Rightarrow R\approx \Bigl \lfloor \frac{\sqrt {M^2+4MK}-M}{2M} \Bigr \rfloor . Havet et al. We assume that IoT devices used in C3PO are of the C2 class or higher (see RFC7228 [8], Classes of Constrained Devices) with at least 50 KB of RAM and CPU operating at a frequency of at least a few 10 s of MHz. Yet in all IoT devices that support the GMP or the SSL libraries, ElGamal and Paillier exhibit decent performance. The effectiveness of the model can be evaluated by looking at how well the model converts the deployment profile for the plaintext streams to the deployment profile for the encrypted streams in C3PO.
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